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'This book aims to introduce the working research scientists to the art and techniques of management and the skills necessary to be a good and effective manager and leader of science and scientists. This includes understanding the organization and functioning of scientific research establishments (universities, laboratories, research councils, etc.) and how to deal with the associated committee work, recruiting and team building; how to deal with difficulties managing projects and handling risks.\"--back cover.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the comparative effectiveness of 2 different approaches, 1 domain-specific and the other domain-general, to language and attention rehabilitation in participants with stroke-induced aphasia. The domain-specific treatment consisted of language-specific attention treatment (L-SAT), and the domain-general treatment consisted of direct attention training (DAT) using the computerized exercises included in Attention Process Training-3 (Sohlberg & Mateer, 2010). Method: Four individuals with mild-moderate aphasia participated in this study. A randomized controlled cross-over single-subject design was used to assess the effectiveness of the 2 treatments administered in this study. Treatment outcomes were evaluated in terms of participants' task performance for each program, standardized language and attention measures, tests of functional abilities, and patient-reported outcomes. Results: Visual comparisons demonstrated linear improvements following L-SAT and variable patterns following DAT. Omnibus effect sizes were statistically significant for 9 of the 13 L-SAT tasks. The weighted standardized effect sizes for posttreatment changes following L-SAT ranged from small to large, with the exception of 1 task. The average group gain following DAT was 5%. The Western Aphasia Battery--Revised Aphasia Quotients (Kertesz, 2007) demonstrated reliable improvements for 3 of the 4 participants following L-SAT, whereas only 1 of the participants improved reliably following DAT. The margins of improvements in functional language were substantially larger following L-SAT than DAT. Performance on the Test of Everyday Attention improved significantly for 2 participants following L-SAT and for 1 participant following DAT on selected Test of Everyday Attention (Robertson, Ward, Ridgeway, & Nimmo-Smith, 1994) subtests. Patient-reported outcomes for communication and attention following treatment favored L-SAT compared to DAT. Conclusions: The results support the view that attention is allocated in ways that are particular to specific tasks rather than as a general resource that is allocated equivalently to all processing tasks. Domain-specific treatment for language deficits due to attentional impairment appears to be a suitable, if not preferable, approach for aphasia rehabilitation.

In a fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerator, eliminating pulsed magnet operation permits rapid acceleration to synchrotron energies, but with a much higher beam-pulse repetition rate. Conceived in the 1950s, FFAGs are enjoying renewed interest, fuelled by the need to rapidly accelerate unstable muons for future high-energy physics colliders. Until now a ‘scaling’ principle has been applied to avoid beam blow-up and loss. Removing this restriction produces a new breed of FFAG, a non-scaling variant, allowing powerful advances in machine characteristics. We report on the first non-scaling FFAG, in which orbits are compacted to within 10 mm in radius over an electron momentum range of 12–18 MeV/c. In this strictly linear-gradient FFAG, unstable beam regions are crossed, but acceleration via a novel serpentine channel is so rapid that no significant beam disruption is observed. This result has significant implications for future particle accelerators, particularly muon and high-intensity proton accelerators. Rapid particle acceleration is possible using a fixed-field alternating-gradient machine—but ‘scaling’ in its design has been necessary to avoid beam blow-up and loss. The demonstration now of acceleration in such a machine without scaling has positive implications for future particle accelerators.

Purpose: Analyses of language production of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) place increasing emphasis on microlinguistic (i.e., within-sentence) patterns. It is unknown whether the observed problems involve implementation of well-formed sentence frames or represent a fundamental linguistic disturbance in computing sentence structure. This study investigated the cognitive basis for microlinguistic deficits in individuals with TBI. Method: Fifteen nonaphasic individuals with severe TBI and 6 age- and education-matched non brain-injured adults participated in this study. Monologic discourse samples were analyzed for pausing patterns, mazes, errors, and abandoned utterances. Measures of cognitive abilities were correlated with the sentence measures. Results: The speakers with TBI produced more pauses between clauses (but not within clauses) as well as more mazes than did the non brain-injured speakers. Significant regression models were built. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1965), a measure associated with working memory, predicted pause behavior, and Likenesses-Differences (Baker & Leland, 1967), a measure of executive function, predicted maze behavior. Conclusions: Sentence planning impairments following TBI are associated with deficient organization and monitoring of language representations in working memory. These findings suggest that the deficits are due to problems in the recruitment and control of attention for sentence planning. These findings bear on sentence processing models that emphasize the activation, organization, and maintenance of language representations for accurate sentence production. (Contains 6 tables and 1 figure.)

Ocean acidification (OA) effects on photophysiology and calcification were examined in Halimeda discoidea, a calcifying macroalga that produces tropical reef sediments. Photosynthetic parameters, including maximum photosynthetic rate (P max), photosynthetic efficiency (α) and compensating irradiance (I c) were determined in short-term assays on live thalli after a 10 d exposure to 4 levels of CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂; 491, 653, 982 and 1201 μatm) under satura ting (300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and sub-saturating (90 μmol photons m−2 s−1) irradiance in an aquaria study. Morphology of aragonite crystals produced in segments formed on adult thalli was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, we examined crystal morphology and changes in inorganic content of non-living segments exposed to elevated (1201 μatm) and ambient pCO₂ for 27 d to assess OA effects on carbonate sediments generated from H. discoidea. Even though P max was higher under elevated pCO₂, this photophysiological response did not result in higher calcification rates. Based on crystal measurements and SEM imagery, aragonite crystals within new segments were indistinguishable across pCO₂ and irradiance treatments. Under high irradiance, new segments showed a greater investment in organic versus inorganic production. Non-living segments contained narrower crystals after 27 d exposure to elevated pCO₂ relative to controls, but differences were small (0.03 μm) and did not contribute significantly to changes in normalized biomass or inorganic content. Based on these results, H. discoidea will likely produce new calcified segments with intact aragonite crystals under year 2100 pCO₂ levels at high and low irradiance, while aragonite crystals of the sediment may produce thinner needle carbonate muds.

Observations made in the scientific and popular literature suggest that the characteristics of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems are changing rapidly due to increasing global air and sea temperatures. Here, we examine the hypothesis that fish species with more ‘southern’ distributions are increasing in the northern North Sea over time. In order to do this, 2 important databases on fish abundance collected by trawl on research cruises are interrogated. When combined, the databases cover both the entire North Sea and the Scottish west coast and span a period of 80 yr (1925 to 2004). The data take the form of length-frequencies for all species caught (>300 different species), while additional information (e.g. age, sex, weight and stage of sexual maturity) is available for the commercially important component (e.g. cod). The trawl data suggest that the North Sea is experiencing waves of immigration by exotic, southern species (e.g. red mullet, anchovy and pilchard). The purpose of this paper is to describe and document these changes.

The conceptual design for a nonscaling fixed field alternating gradient accelerator suitable for charged particle therapy (the use of protons and other light ions to treat some forms of cancer) is described.

Richard K. Peach Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Edythe A. Strand Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Contact author: Joseph R. Duffy, Division of Speech Pathology, Dept. of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail: jduffy{at}mayo.edu . Purpose: To document and describe in detail the occurrence of apraxia of speech (AOS) in a group of individuals with a diagnosis of motor neuron disease (MND). Method: Seven individuals with MND and AOS were identified from among 80 patients with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and AOS (J. R. Duffy, 2006). The history, presenting complaints, neurological findings, and speech-language findings were documented for each case. Results: Spastic or mixed spastic-flaccid dysarthria was present in all 7 cases. The AOS was judged as worse than the dysarthria in 4 cases. Nonverbal oral apraxia was eventually present in all cases. Aphasia was present in 2 cases and equivocally present in another 2. Dementia was present in 1 case and equivocally present in 2. Conclusions: AOS can occur in MND, typically also with dysarthria, but not invariably with aphasia or other cognitive deficits. Thus, a diagnosis of MND does not preclude the presence of AOS. More importantly, MND should be a diagnostic consideration when AOS is a prominent sign of degenerative disease. Key Words: apraxia of speech, motor neuron disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CiteULike     Connotea     Del.icio.us     Digg     Facebook     Reddit     Technorati     Twitter     What's this?

The highlights of the European Physics Society Conference on High Energy Physics, held in Manchester from the 19th to the 25th July are reviewed.…

Ocean acidification (OA) effects on photophysiology and calcification were examined in Halimeda discoidea, a calcifying macroalga that produces tropical reef sediments. Photosynthetic parameters, including maximum photosynthetic rate (P sub(max)), photosynthetic efficiency ([alpha]) and compensating irradiance (I sub(c)) were determined in short-term assays on live thalli after a 10 d exposure to 4 levels of CO sub(2) partial pressures (p CO sub(2); 491, 653, 982 and 1201 [mu]atm) under saturating (300 [mu]mol photons m super(-2) s super(-1)) and sub-saturating (90 [mu]mol photons m super(-2) s super(-1)) irradiance in an aquaria study. Morphology of aragonite crystals produced in segments formed on adult thalli was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, we examined crystal morphology and changes in inorganic content of non-living segments exposed to elevated (1201 [mu]atm) and ambient p CO sub(2) for 27 d to assess OA effects on carbonate sediments generated from H. discoidea. Even though P sub(max) was higher under elevated p CO sub(2), this photophysiological response did not result in higher calcification rates. Based on crystal measurements and SEM imagery, aragonite crystals within new segments were indistinguishable across p CO sub(2) and irradiance treatments. Under high irradiance, new segments showed a greater investment in organic versus inorganic production. Non-living segments contained narrower crystals after 27 d exposure to elevated p CO sub(2) relative to controls, but differences were small (0.03 [mu]m) and did not contribute significantly to changes in normalized biomass or inorganic content. Based on these results, H. discoidea will likely produce new calcified segments with intact aragonite crystals under year 2100 p CO sub(2) levels at high and low irradiance, while aragonite crystals of the sediment may produce thinner needle carbonate muds.