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"Pearson, S"
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Economics and the challenge of global warming
\"Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming is a balanced and comprehensive analysis of the role of economics in confronting global warming, the central environmental issue of the twenty-first century. It avoids a technical exposition in order to reach a wide audience and is up to date in its theoretical and empirical underpinnings. It is addressed to all who have some knowledge of economic concepts and a serious interest in how economics can (and cannot) help in crafting climate policy. The book is organized around three central questions. First, can benefit-cost analysis guide us in setting warming targets? Second, what strategies and policies are cost-effective? Third, and most difficult, can a global agreement be forged between rich and poor, North and South? While economic concepts are foremost in the analysis, they are placed within an accessible ethical and political matrix. The book serves as a primer for the post-Kyoto era\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Optimal mode decomposition for unsteady flows
A new method, herein referred to as optimal mode decomposition (OMD), of finding a linear model to describe the evolution of a fluid flow is presented. The method estimates the linear dynamics of a high-dimensional system which is first projected onto a subspace of a user-defined fixed rank. An iterative procedure is used to find the optimal combination of linear model and subspace that minimizes the system residual error. The OMD method is shown to be a generalization of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), in which the subspace is not optimized but rather fixed to be the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes. Furthermore, OMD is shown to provide an approximation to the Koopman modes and eigenvalues of the underlying system. A comparison between OMD and DMD is made using both a synthetic waveform and an experimental data set. The OMD technique is shown to have lower residual errors than DMD and is shown on a synthetic waveform to provide more accurate estimates of the system eigenvalues. This new method can be used with experimental and numerical data to calculate the ‘optimal’ low-order model with a user-defined rank that best captures the system dynamics of unsteady and turbulent flows.
Journal Article
الاقتصاد وتحدي ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري
يتناول الكتاب بشرح الاقتصاد وتحدي ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري اهتم العالم بظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري العالمي منذ منتصف ثمانينات القرن المنصرم، كصبغة سياسية أكثر منها بيئية ولكن سرعان ما أخذ الأمر مسارا علميا حين بدأت مراكز الدراسات المؤسسات الأكاديمية دراسة تلك الظاهرة وخلصت إلى نتائج عديدة يمكن أن تترتب عليها إرهاصات مستقبلية سلبية على الكوكب الأرضي، منها زيادة درجات الحرارة وزيادة الكوارث الطبيعية والهزات الأرضية وارتفاع منسوب مياه البحر.
Book
A kinetic and thermodynamic investigation into the removal of methyl orange from wastewater utilizing fly ash in different process configurations
The removal of methyl orange using coal fly ash, which is a widely available low-cost adsorbent, has been investigated. Adsorption studies for dye removal were conducted using various configurations such as batch, column and heap adsorption at various temperatures and adsorbent dosages at neutral pH. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models were used to describe the process. The Freundlich model best represented the adsorption. Kinetic studies show the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies show that the process is spontaneous, endothermic and random. Column configuration was found to be the most efficient with a dye removal percentage of 99.95%, followed by heap adsorption at 99.25% removal and lastly batch configuration with 96.68% removal. Economic analysis shows that column operation would be the most effective for practical implementation.
Journal Article
مقاربات عربية لحل النزاعات : الوساطة والتفاوض وتسوية الصراعات السياسية
يسعى هذا الكتاب لتوفير خلفية معرفية عميقة لفهم ديناميات النزاعات في المنطقة العربية ومنطقة الشرق الأوسط عموما وتقديم مقاربات نظرية وعملية تساعد على وضع استراتيجيات للوساطة يمكن أن تساهم في وضع الكثير من الأزمات في المنطقة على طريق الحل. يتضمن الكتاب سبعة فصول إلى جانب المقدمة والتمهيد والخاتمة، الفصل الأول بعنوان : (مضمون إدارة النزاع في العالم العربي)، والفصل الثاني : (الثقافة العربية وإدارة النزاع)، والفصل الثالث : (سمات النزاعات والأطراف وإدارة النزاع)، والفصل الرابع : (نماذج حل النزاع العربي-العربي مقابل العربي-غير العربي)، والفصل الخامس : (جامعة الدول العربية : تعددية الأطراف)، والفصل السادس : (العنصر المفقود في التوسط-التفاوض الدولي : المرأة صانعة سلام)، والفصل السابع : (حل النزاع وزمن الربيع العربي).
Book
Host Cell Death Responses to Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infection
subsp.
serovar Typhimurium (
. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative bacterium with a broad host range that causes non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans.
. Typhimurium infects epithelial cells and macrophages in the small intestine where it replicates in a specialized intracellular niche called the
-containing vacuole (SCV) and promotes inflammation of the mucosa to induce typically self-limiting gastroenteritis. Virulence and spread of the bacterium is determined in part by the host individual's ability to limit the infection through innate immune responses at the gastrointestinal mucosa, including programmed cell death.
. Typhimurium however, has evolved a myriad of mechanisms to counteract or exploit host responses through the use of Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS), which allow the translocation of virulence (effector) proteins into the host cell for the benefit of optimal bacterial replication and dissemination. T3SS effectors have been found to interact with apoptotic, necroptotic, and pyroptotic cell death cascades, interfering with both efficient clearance of the bacteria and the recruitment of neutrophils or dendritic cells to the area of infection. The interplay of host inflammation, programmed cell death responses, and bacterial defenses in the context of non-typhoidal
(NTS) infection is a continuing area of interest within the field, and as such has been reviewed here.
Journal Article
Gene therapy for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency by MR-guided direct delivery of AAV2-AADC to midbrain dopaminergic neurons
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by deficient synthesis of dopamine and serotonin. It presents in early infancy, and causes severe developmental disability and lifelong motor, behavioral, and autonomic symptoms including oculogyric crises (OGC), sleep disorder, and mood disturbance. We investigated the safety and efficacy of delivery of a viral vector expressing AADC (AAV2-hAADC) to the midbrain in children with AADC deficiency (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02852213). Seven (7) children, aged 4–9 years underwent convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of AAV2-hAADC to the bilateral substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) (total infusion volume: 80 µL per hemisphere) in 2 dose cohorts: 1.3 × 10
11
vg (n = 3), and 4.2 × 10
11
vg (n = 4). Primary aims were to demonstrate the safety of the procedure and document biomarker evidence of restoration of brain AADC activity. Secondary aims were to assess clinical improvement in symptoms and motor function. Direct bilateral infusion of AAV2-hAADC was safe, well-tolerated and achieved target coverage of 98% and 70% of the SN and VTA, respectively. Dopamine metabolism was increased in all subjects and FDOPA uptake was enhanced within the midbrain and the striatum. OGC resolved completely in 6 of 7 subjects by Month 3 post-surgery. Twelve (12) months after surgery, 6/7 subjects gained normal head control and 4/7 could sit independently. At 18 months, 2 subjects could walk with 2-hand support. Both the primary and secondary endpoints of the study were met. Midbrain gene delivery in children with AADC deficiency is feasible and safe, and leads to clinical improvements in symptoms and motor function.
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Here the authors describe a clinical trial of MR-guided delivery of AAV2-AADC for the treatment of AADC.
Journal Article
Use of Doxycycline to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections According to Provider Characteristics
Use of doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may lead to antimicrobial resistance. We analyzed attitudes toward this practice between US providers who commonly and less commonly treat STIs. Providers who more commonly treat STIs are more likely to prescribe prophylactic doxycycline and believe that benefits outweigh potential for increased antimicrobial resistance.
Journal Article
A typology of the characteristics of teachers' written feedback comments on second language writing
Written feedback commentary (WFC) on L2 student writing is a widespread and time-intensive teacher practice, serving a range of roles and purposes. One of the challenges in providing effective WFC is attending to the many content and delivery options that are possible, some of which have been shown to exert tangible effects on students and their texts. This article presents a typology of characteristics of teachers' written comments, synthesised from 30 years of empirical research. Ten strategies for providing WFC (focus or target, mode and tone, syntactic structure, text specificity, location, explicitness, length, presence of mitigation strategies, pen-and-paper versus computer-mediated delivery, and temporality) are outlined. Thereafter, the paper presents the available options relating to student response to written feedback commentary. Each characteristic is illustrated and research into its effectiveness reviewed.
Journal Article
The ubiquitylation of IL-1β limits its cleavage by caspase-1 and targets it for proteasomal degradation
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is activated by inflammasome-associated caspase-1 in rare autoinflammatory conditions and in a variety of other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, IL-1β activity must be fine-tuned to enable anti-microbial responses whilst limiting collateral damage. Here, we show that precursor IL-1β is rapidly turned over by the proteasome and this correlates with its decoration by K11-linked, K63-linked and K48-linked ubiquitin chains. The ubiquitylation of IL-1β is not just a degradation signal triggered by inflammasome priming and activating stimuli, but also limits IL-1β cleavage by caspase-1. IL-1β K133 is modified by ubiquitin and forms a salt bridge with IL-1β D129. Loss of IL-1β K133 ubiquitylation, or disruption of the K133:D129 electrostatic interaction, stabilizes IL-1β. Accordingly,
Il1b
K133R/K133R
mice have increased levels of precursor IL-1β upon inflammasome priming and increased production of bioactive IL-1β, both in vitro and in response to LPS injection. These findings identify mechanisms that can limit IL-1β activity and safeguard against damaging inflammation.
Hyperactivation of inflammasome-induced IL-1β can cause immunopathology and is a feature of autoinflammatory diseases. Here, the authors show how ubiquitination of IL-1β limits its activity by targeting it for proteasomal degradation and preventing its cleavage by caspase-1.
Journal Article