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Summer sea breezes provide cooling in coastal cities; however, their temporal cooling distribution and inland penetration distance remain inadequately studied. This study employed the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to analyze the sea breeze cooling capacity (SBCC) in detail. The results identified the distance from the coast, cooling timing, and proximity to inland rivers as key factors influencing the SBCC. The cooling range and intensity of sea breezes exhibited a temporal pattern, initially increasing and then decreasing, with the rate of increase significantly exceeding the decline. The maximum cooling range (277.44 km2) and strongest cooling intensity (37,989.61 °C.h) occurred at 10:00. Between 11:00 and 14:00, the cooling effect remained stable over its longest inland distance (16.2 km). The SBCC intensified notably closer to the coastline. Furthermore, inland rivers significantly enhanced the cooling effect, with the sea breeze penetration distance correlating positively with the proximity to these rivers. A detailed analysis of the SBCC’s spatial extent and cooling distance provides a crucial basis for effectively mitigating urban heat in coastal cities.

Amid intensifying global climate change, coastal cities are facing increased heat stress. The sea breeze plays a crucial role in mitigating the urban heat island effect and improving outdoor thermal comfort, warranting detailed investigation of its spatiotemporal impacts. This research, conducted in Sendai, Japan, combines the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Rayman thermal comfort model to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) on typical sea breeze days, exploring heat stress patterns. The findings indicate significant PET reductions in the area due to sea breeze influence, although high heat stress persists in urban centers. The coastal zone (0–4 km) experiences the longest period of low heat stress, whereas the inland zone (20–26 km) suffers from poor thermal comfort. Heat stress intensifies in the northwestern inland regions, while improvement progresses from the coast inland. Vegetated areas reach low heat stress states earlier than built-up areas; both coastal and urban zones quickly revert to “no heat stress” conditions. The results demonstrate that the cooling effect of sea breezes decreases with distance, its efficacy hindered by urban environments, whereas vegetated lands prolong comfort inland. These insights are crucial for planning thermal environments in coastal cities.

Sea breezes alleviate coastal heat stress via cooling and humidifying. Sendai, Japan, in 2015 had a population of 1.08 million and an area of 786 km2. Integrating the WRF model with RayMan, this study employs the PET index to assess spatiotemporal distributions of thermal comfort and heat stress, and their influencing factors, on typical summer sea-breeze days in Sendai, Japan. Results indicate that in the coastal zone, PET was primarily regulated by air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH). In contrast, wind speed was the dominant influence on urban/inland zones, with Ta and RH contributing more during the evening. Sea breezes markedly improved the thermal environment in the coastal zone, suppressing PET increases. PET in urban and inland zones exhibited an initial rise followed by a decline, with the inland zone experiencing sustained extreme heat stress for 3 h. Among regions experiencing extreme heat stress, inland zones showed the highest proportion (17.75%), while coastal zones had the lowest (2.14%). Proportions across the three zones were similar under nighttime conditions with no thermal stress, with the urban zone exhibiting a slightly lower proportion. This study provides a theoretical basis for climate-adaptive urban planning leveraging sea breezes as a resource.

Due to global warming and urbanization, high-temperature events—which frequently occur in cities—are presenting an increasing threat to the daily lives of human beings. In coastal cities, sea breezes can cool the near surface and improve the urban environment to some extent. Understanding the cooling characteristics of sea breeze on the urban environment is informative for improving and mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. In this paper, we analyze the basic characteristics of the timing of the cooling effect of sea breeze in urban summer based on the long-term multi-point measurements of air temperatures. Additionally, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to show the influence of sea breeze on cities in terms of the cooling action time. The whole process is reproduced based on a time distribution map created using the results of the WRF simulation. The measured temperature and WRF simulation results are also evaluated with observations. The results show little difference between the two. The analysis of the distribution map shows that the sea breeze gradually penetrates inland from coastal areas. It can therefore be concluded that the sea breeze blows at different speeds in different areas. Our results show that the sea breeze is weak in places near the coast, while it is significantly stronger around inland rivers. Moreover, in urban areas that are far from inland rivers, the speed of the sea breeze is evenly distributed in space. The spatial pattern of sea breeze retreat time and arrival time is reversed: retreats happen earlier in inland areas. The duration of the sea breeze shows a significantly decreasing trend from the coast to inland, with the longest duration at the southern end of the urban area near the coast.

Background The optimal treatment volume for Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is still a subject of debate worldwide. The current study was aimed to determine the distances between recurring tumors and the edge of primary lesions, and thereby provide evidence for accurate target area delineation. Methods Between October 2007 and March 2019, 68 recurrent patients with GBM were included in our study. We measured the distance from the initial tumor to the recurrent lesion of GBM patients by expanding the initial gross tumor volume (GTV) to overlap the center of recurrent lesion, with the help of the Pinnacle Treatment Planning System. Results Recurrences were local in 47(69.1%) patients, distant in 12(17.7%) patients, and both in 9(13.2%) patients. Factors significantly influencing local recurrence were age ( P  = 0.049), sex ( P  = 0.049), and the size of peritumoral edema ( P  = 0.00). A total number of 91 recurrent tumors were analyzed. All local recurrences occurred within 2 cm and 94.8% (55/58) occurred within 1 cm of the original GTV based on T1 enhanced imaging. All local recurrences occurred within 1.5 cm and 98.3%(57/58) occurred within 0.5 cm of the original GTV based on T2-FLAIR imaging. 90.9% (30/33) and 81.8% (27/33) distant recurrences occurred >3 cm of T1 enhanced and T2-Flair primary tumor margins, respectively. Conclusions The 1 cm margin from T1 enhanced lesions and 0.5 cm margin from T2-Flair abnormal lesions could cover 94.8 and 98.3% local recurrences respectively, which deserves further prospective study as a limited but effective target area.

The second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is widely acknowledged for its excellent potential in in vivo fluorescence imaging. Currently, NIR-II fluorescence imaging predominantly operates within the 900-1880 nm spectral range, while the region beyond 1880 nm has been disregarded due to the large light absorption of water. Based on a refined understanding of the effect of light absorption on imaging, we propose an approach that utilizes the previously neglected region surrounding the water absorption peak at ~1930 nm for imaging. Both simulations and experiments confirm that the water absorption contributes positively to imaging, enabling high-contrast in vivo fluorescence imaging in the 1880-2080 nm window. To further assess the applicability of this approach in different biological media, we extend our focus to fluorescence imaging in adipose tissue. This leads to the expansion of the imaging window to 1700-2080 nm, owing to the unique light absorption characteristics of adipose tissue. Our results demonstrate that the 1700-2080 nm region provides optimal imaging quality in adipose tissue, attributing to its moderate absorption and low scattering. This work advances our understanding of the interplay between light absorption and photon scattering in bioimaging, providing an insight for selecting optimal imaging windows to achieve high-contrast fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence imaging beyond 1880 nm has mostly been disregarded due to the water absorption peak. Here, the authors find that water absorption contributes positively to imaging and demonstrate high-contrast in vivo fluorescence imaging in the 1880-2080 nm window with the help of bright quantum dots.

Sea breezes have a significant influence on the urban environment of coastal cities. Therefore, the study of the sea breeze cooling range and its relationship with specific humidity is of great significance for improving the urban environment of coastal cities. This study aims to reproduce the climate of Sendai using the regional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, clarify the influence range of sea breezes in Sendai, and create an urban environmental climate map. The results revealed a strong correlation between the measured temperatures and the calculated results, and that the cooling effect range of sea breezes was mainly concentrated in the coastal area. In addition, the temperature rise mitigation effect changed over time, and although the maximum mitigation effect range affected a part of the urban area, it did not reach the inland area. In comparison, the specific humidity increased over time from the coastal area to the inland area. It was found that sea breezes mainly affected a part of the urban area and coastal areas in terms of temperature, but affected inland areas in terms of specific humidity. The results show that the range of the cooling effect of sea breezes on temperature was only concentrated within 5 km of the coast; in terms of moderating the temperature rise, there was an effect within the area ~7 km from the coast. In terms of humidity, the effect of sea breezes occurred approximately 1 h later than the effect of temperature.

Dark-field microscopy offers several advantages, including high image contrast, minimal cell damage, and the absence of photobleaching of nanoprobes, which make it highly advantageous for cell imaging. The NIR-II window has emerged as a prominent research focus in optical imaging in recent years, with its low autofluorescence background in biological samples and high imaging SBR. In this study, we initially compared dark-field imaging results of colorectal cancer cells in both visible and NIR-II wavelengths, confirming the superior performance of NIR-II imaging. Subsequently, we synthesized gold nanorods with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption peaks in the NIR-II window. After bio-compatible modification, we non-specifically labeled colorectal cancer cells for NIR-II dark-field scattering imaging. The imaging results revealed a sixfold increase in SBR, especially in the 1425–1475 nm wavelength range. Finally, we applied this imaging system to perform dark-field imaging of cell nuclei in the NIR-II region and used GNRs for specific nuclear labeling in colorectal cancer cells. The resulting images exhibited higher SBR than non-specifically-labeled cell imaging, and the probe’s labeling was precise, confirming the potential application of this system in photothermal therapy and drug delivery for cancer cells.

IntroductionTo compare efficacy and safety of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) with medical treatments for women with heavy menstrual bleeding.Materials and methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in November 2021. All meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021295379.ResultsA total of trials (with 14 references) reporting on 1,677 women were included in this systematic review. The majority of the included RCTs were rated with low-to-unclear risk of bias in selection, detection, attrition, reporting, and other bias. All RCTs were rated as high risk in performance bias because blinding was difficult to ensure in the compared groups. Results of meta-analyses revealed that the number of clinical responders was greater in the LNG-IUS group than that in the medical treatments group at both 6-month (steroidal: five RCTs; n = 490; risk ratio [RR]: 1.72 [1.13, 2.62]; I 2 = 92%; nonsteroidal: one RCT; n = 42; RR: 2.34 [1.31, 4.19]) and 12-month (steroidal: three RCTs; n = 261; RR: 1.31 [1.01, 1.71]; I 2 = 74%) endpoints, with no clear differences on number of dropouts, and the incidence of adverse events.ConclusionEvidence indicates that LNG-IUS is superior to the medical treatments in short-term and medium-term clinical responses, blood loss control, compliance, and satisfaction. Meanwhile, frequency of adverse events related to LNG-IUS is acceptable.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, identifier CRD42021259335,https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021295379.

Hot-band absorption (HBA)-induced anti-Stokes fluorescence (ASF) with longer-wavelength excitation is one effective pathway to deep penetration and low autofluorescence in intravital fluorescence imaging, raising demands for fluorophores with broad spectra, high absorption, and strong emission. However, typical fluorescent dyes display some emission quenching when their concentration is increased in order to obtain brighter fluorescence. In this work, the HBA-induced ASF of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dots is reported. BPN-BBTD dots were synthesized and confirmed with a fluorescence enhancement and a considerable ASF intensity. In addition, the mechanism of ASF and the HBA process of BPN-BBTD dots were carefully validated and discussed. To obtain the full advantages of the long-wavelength excitation and the short fluorescence lifetime in deep-tissue bioimaging, a large-depth ASF confocal microscopic imaging of in vivo cerebral vasculature was conducted under the excitation of a 980 nm continuous wave laser after intravenous injection of BPN-BBTD dots. Meanwhile, the 3D structure of the cerebrovascular network was successfully reconstructed.