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This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of successful ageing in older community-dwelling adults in India. The cross-sectional sample included 21,343 individuals (≥ 65 years) from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 in 2017–2018. Successful ageing was assessed utilizing a multidimensional concept, including five components: (1) absence of major illness, (2) free of disability, (3) no major depressive disorder, (4) social engagement and (5) life satisfaction. Overall, 27.2% had successful ageing, including 83.3% had no major diseases, 51.0% free from disability, 91.8% had no major depressive disorder, 73.6% were socially engaged and 74.6% had high life satisfaction. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, male sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR 1.40, 95% Confidence Interval-CI 1.21–1.26), married (AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22–1.79), having formal education (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23–1.74), high subjective socioeconomic status (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.29–2.01), urban residence (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19–1.70), Sikhs (AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.38–2.24), high physical activity (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.38–1.97), and daily Yoga practice (AOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.11–1.61) increased the odds of successful ageing, while increasing age (AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.79), poor childhood health (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.75), and underweight (AOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.81) decreased the odds of successful ageing. Almost one in three older adults in India were successfully ageing. Factors associated with successful ageing included, male sex, married, having formal education, high subjective socioeconomic status, urban residence, Sikhs, physical activity, Yoga practice, younger age, good childhood health, and not having underweight.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, distribution, and correlates of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) among individuals (20–69 years) across three cross-sectional surveys in 2007, 2014 and 2019 in Bhutan. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 9712 individuals (20–69 years, mean age = 37.6 years) who participated in the 2007, 2014 or 2019 Bhutan STEPS surveys, had complete measurement of CVH metrics, and had no history of a cardiovascular disease in 2014 and 2019. Ideal CVH measures included non-smoking, healthy diet, physical activity, body mass index (< 23 kg/m 2 ), blood pressure < 120/ < 80 mmHg, total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, and fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL). The prevalence of five to seven ideal CVH metrics increased from 11.6% in 2007 to 37.9% in 2019. Trend analyses showed that ideal physical activity, ideal total cholesterol, ideal blood pressure, and ideal fasting glucose increased from 2007 to 2019, while ideal fruit and vegetable intake, ideal smoking, and ideal body mass index decreased from 2007 to 2019. Five to seven ideal CVH metrics, 0–7 ideal CVH metrics, and 0–14 poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH metrics increased from 2007 to 2019. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, older age decreased the odds of having 5–7 ideal CVH metrics in all three study years. Male sex increased the odds, and employment decreased the odds of 5–7 ideal CVH metrics in 2007, and urban residence increased the odds of 5–7 ideal CVH metrics in 2014 and decreased the odds in 2019. The proportion of meeting 5–7 ideal CVH metrics increased in Bhutan. Primary and secondary prevention programmes must be strengthened to improve CVH in Bhutan, considering identified associated factors.

Background The study aimed to investigate the associations between physical partner violence victimization (IPV) and/or sexual violence victimization and various health risk behaviours and mental health in university students in 25 countries. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, 18,335 university students with a median age of 20 years from 25 countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia, replied to self-reported measures of interpersonal violence, health compromising behaviours, mental health measures and protective factors. Results In adjusted logistic regression analysis, physical IPV and/or sexual violence victimization was associated, among men and/or among women, with sexual risk behaviours (multiple sexual partners, alcohol use in the context of sex, diagnosed with HIV and pregnancy), violence related behaviour (in a physical fight and carrying a weapon), poor mental health (depression, loneliness, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleeping problem and short sleep), addictive behaviour (binge drinking, tobacco and drug use), and other health risk behaviour (skipping breakfast and frequent salt intake). Conclusions We found evidence that physical IPV and/or sexual violence victimization among female and/or male university students was associated with 4 of 5 sexual risk behaviours, 2 violence related behaviours, 5 of 5 poor mental health indicators, 3 of 3 addictive behaviours and 2 of 7 other health risk behaviours.

The study assessed associations between food insecurity and mental, physical, and behavioural health outcomes in India. The study analysed national cross-sectional population-based data (N = 72,262;  ≥ 45 years) from in India in 2017–2018. The overall prevalence of food insecurity was 9.7%. Food insecurity was significantly positively associated with poor mental health [low life satisfaction (AOR: 2.75, 95% CI 2.35–3.23), low self-reported health (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.11–1.42), insomnia symptoms (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.45–1.85), depressive symptoms (AOR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.97–2.48), major depressive disorder (AOR: 2.37, 95% CI 2.03–2.77), Alzheimer’s/dementia (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.13–2.69), and poorer cognitive functioning (AOR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.49–0.93)], poor physical health [bone or joint disease (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.34), angina (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.58–2.06), underweight (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.16–1.40), chronic lung disease (AOR: 1.22, 95% CI 1.03–1.45), and functional disability (AOR: 1.68, 95% CI 1.47–1.92)], and health risk behaviour [tobacco use (AOR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.25), heavy episodic drinking (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI 1.10–1.91) and physical inactivity (AOR: 1.42, 95% CI 1.21–1.67)]. Furthermore, food insecurity was negatively associated with overweight/obesity (AOR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.88). Food insecurity was associated with seven poor mental health indicators, five poor physical health conditions, and three health risk behaviours. Programmes and policies that improve food availability may help improve mental and physical health among middle-aged and older adults in India.

Background The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among adolescent school children in Morocco. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional data were analysed from 6745 adolescents (15 years median age) that responded to questions on a two-item measure of psychological distress from “2016 Morocco Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS).” Results The prevalence of psychological distress was 23.3, 18.0% among males and 29.2% among females. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, female sex, older age, bullying victimization, infrequently physically attacked, frequent participation in physical fights, having no close friends, frequent experience of hunger, parental emotional neglect, parental disrespect of privacy, school truancy, sedentary behaviour and having sustained a single or multiple serious injuries (past year) were associated with psychological distress. In addition, in unadjusted analysis, low peer support, parents never check homework, exposure to passive smoking, substance use (current tobacco use, current cannabis use and ever used amphetamine), frequent soft drink and frequent fast food consumption were positively and fruit and vegetable intake was negatively associated with psychological distress. Conclusion Almost one in four students reported psychological distress and several associated factors were identified which can aid prevention and control strategies.

Objective Despite growing evidence linking 24-h movement behaviors to health outcomes, there is limited research examining these relationships among university students in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and associations of adherence to 24-h movement guidelines (HMG) with dietary behaviour and mental health among university students in ASEAN. Methods A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 included 3223 university students from five ASEAN nations—Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam—aged 18 to 30 years, selected by stratified random sampling. Established measures included demographics, social support, perceived stress, self-rated health status, body mass index, six dietary behaviours, eight mental health outcomes, and adherence to 24-h movement guidelines (24-HMG) was assessed based on self-reported physical activity (≥ 150 min/week), sedentary time (≤ 480 min/day), screen time (≤ 180 min/day), and sleep duration (7–9 h). The relationship between dietary behaviours, mental health indicators and meeting the 24-HMG number was investigated using logistic regression models, adjusted for relevant confounders. Results Among 3,223 participants, 11.7% met all three 24-h movement guidelines, while 13.1% met none, and 37.6% met either one or two guidelines. Adherence to all guidelines was higher among males, participants aged 22–30 years, and those from lower-income countries (Indonesia, Myanmar, and Vietnam). Multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for relevant confounders, revealed that meeting more movement guidelines was associated with: Increased odds of healthy dietary behaviors (fruit and vegetable intake: Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR: 1.96, 95% Confidence intervals-CI: 1.35–2.83; breakfast intake: AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.84–3.34; meal frequency: AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.36–2.45; low soft drink intake: AOR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.54–3.14; high sugared coffee or tea intake: AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24–0.61; low fast food intake: AOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.08–1.96; and low snacking: AOR: 2.71, 95% CI: 2.00–3.66), and Decreased odds of mental health issues (depressive symptoms: AOR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26–0.70; suicidal behaviour: AOR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47–0.93; pathological internet use: AOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.81; hazardous or harmful alcohol use: AOR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.29–0.66; illicit drug use: AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20–0.73; and had poorer sleep quality: AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16–0.68). No significant associations were found between guideline adherence and PTSD symptoms or tobacco use (p > 0.05). Conclusions This is the first study to look at the prevalence, correlates, and relationships between 24-HMG adherence and dietary behaviour and mental health outcomes among university students in ASEAN. This pioneering study among ASEAN university students demonstrates that adherence to 24-h movement guidelines is associated with better dietary behaviours and mental health outcomes in a dose–response manner. Future university health policies should incorporate 24-h movement guidelines into existing health promotion strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings.

This study sought to determine whether there was any correlation between the dietary diversity score and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in Nepali women who were of reproductive age. In a national cross-sectional population-based survey of women (15–49 years) (N = 7442) in Nepal, MDD was assessed with the PHQ-9 and GAD with the GAD-7, and dietary diversity with a 24 h food consumption recall of 10 food groups. Multinominal and logistic regression were used to estimate predictors of MDD and GAD symptoms. The prevalence of mild and moderate-to-severe MDD symptoms was 15.7% and 5.4%, respectively, and the prevalence of mild and moderate-to-severe GAD symptoms was 20.8% and 7.5%, respectively. The overall dietary diversity mean score was 4.66 (SD = 1.67). In the final multivariable model, adjusted for relevant confounders, dietary diversity was inversely associated with moderate-to-severe MDD symptoms (Adjusted Incidence Risk Ratios-AIRR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.97), and with moderate-to-severe GAD symptoms (AIRR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.92). Furthermore, in the fully adjusted regression model, pulses (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.60–0.98) and Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (AOR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.51–0.94) were inversely associated with MDD symptoms. In addition, Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.43–0.75), dairy (AOR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.67–0.97), and pulses (AOR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.56–0.85) were inversely associated with GAD symptoms. Dietary diversity was inversely associated MDD and GAD symptoms.

Background This study investigated the prevalence of and factors associated with normal-weight central obesity (NWCO) among adults aged 18–64 years in Mongolia. Methods Data were pooled from 5,287 participants aged 18–64 years who took part in repeated cross-sectional Mongolia STEPS surveys conducted in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2019. Anthropometric and independent variables were measured using standard procedures. Factors associated with NWCO were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results Among individuals with normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²), the prevalence of NWCO across the four surveys was 34.0%, increasing from 8.7% in 2005 to 37.0% in 2019. Adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that, compared with 2005, survey year 2019 (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 2.29–4.12), middle age (45–64 years) (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.65–2.79), low physical activity (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.05–1.64), and hypertension (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09–1.90) were positively associated with NWCO. In contrast, male sex (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.27) and higher education (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.85) were negatively associated with NWCO. Conclusions Approximately one in three normal-weight adults in Mongolia had central obesity. To prevent NWCO, healthcare providers should emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including adequate physical activity and other weight-related behavioural changes.

Background. Hypertension is the most significant avoidable cause of morbidity and mortality, yet nationally representative adult data on Indonesia have not been available. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence and determinants of hypertension, including sociodemographic variables, weight status, health behaviour, and psychosocial stress and support risk factors. Methods. The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) interviewed and examined in a national population-based cross-sectional study 29965 individuals aged 18 years and older, mean age 43.3 years (SD=15.3). Blood pressure, body height and weight, dietary behaviour, physical activity, tobacco use, and psychosocial variables were measured. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate determinants of hypertension by gender. Results. The prevalence of hypertension among study participants was 33.4 % (95 % CI: 32.7-34.0), among males 31.0% (95% CI: 30.2, 31.9), and among females 35.4% (95% CI: 34.6, 36.3). Among hypertensives, 42.9% were aware, 11.5% were treated, and 14.3% were controlled. In fully adjusted analyses, in both men and women, older age, no or elementary education, being overweight or obese, and having visited an outpatients health facility in the past 4 weeks were positively associated hypertension. Significant linear relationships of hypertension were found with age (P for trend <0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (P for trend < 0.001). In addition, among men having quit tobacco use and depressive symptoms were positively associated with hypertension, while current tobacco use was negatively associated with hypertension. Moreover, among women lower subjective economic status was associated with hypertension. Conclusions. The prevalence of hypertension was high and awareness was low, and treatment and control were very low. Significant multilevel public health interventions are urgently needed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension in Indonesia.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension (HTN) among adults in the Central African Republic (CAR). In the cross-sectional 2017 CAR (Bangui and Ombella M'Poko) STEPS survey, 3265 persons aged 25 to 64 years (non-pregnant and with complete blood pressure measurement), responded to an interview, biomedical and physical, including blood pressure, measurements. Undiagnosed HTN was classified as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg among adults who had never been told by a doctor or other health worker that they had raised blood pressure or hypertension and had not been taking antihypertensive medication. Binary logistic regressions are used to estimate factors associated with undiagnosed HTN. Among those with HTN (N = 1373), the proportion of undiagnosed HTN was 69.8% and 30.2% diagnosed HTN. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, male sex (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.39–3.23), current tobacco use (AOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.03–2.42), and high physical activity (AOR: 1.93, 95% CI 1.00–3.71) were positively associated, and age (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96), and underweight (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.37–0.90) were inversely associated with undiagnosed HTN. In addition, among men, ever screened for glucose (AOR: 0.07, 95% CI 0.02–0.27) was negatively associated with undiagnosed HTN, and among women, married or cohabiting (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.00–1.44), current heavy drinking (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.04–1.91) were positively associated with undiagnosed HTN. Seven in ten of the adult population with HTN had undiagnosed HTN in CAR. Efforts should be reinforced to screen for HTN in the general population.