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"Penn, Nigel"
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Confronting historical legacies of biological anthropology in South Africa—Restitution, redress and community-centered science: The Sutherland Nine
We describe a process of restitution of nine unethically acquired human skeletons to their families, together with attempts at redress. Between 1925–1927 C.E., the skeletonised remains of nine San or Khoekhoe people, eight of them known-in-life, were removed from their graves on the farm Kruisrivier, near Sutherland in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. They were donated to the Anatomy Department at the University of Cape Town. This was done without the knowledge or permission of their families. The donor was a medical student who removed the remains from the labourers’ cemetery on his family farm. Nearly 100 years later, the remains are being returned to their community, accompanied by a range of community-driven interdisciplinary historical, archaeological and analytical (osteobiographic, craniofacial, ancient DNA, stable isotope) studies to document, as far as possible, their lives and deaths. The restitution process began by contacting families living in the same area with the same surnames as the deceased. The restitution and redress process prioritises the descendant families’ memories, wishes and desire to understand the situation, and learn more about their ancestors. The descendant families have described the process as helping them to reconnect with their ancestors. A richer appreciation of their ancestors’ lives, gained in part from scientific analyses, culminating with reburial, is hoped to aid the descendant families and wider community in [re-]connecting with their heritage and culture, and contribute to restorative justice, reconciliation and healing while confronting a traumatic historical moment. While these nine individuals were exhumed as specimens, they will be reburied as people.
Journal Article
Correction: Confronting historical legacies of biological anthropology in South Africa—Restitution, redress and community-centered science: The Sutherland Nine
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276734.].
Journal Article
Genocide on Settler Frontiers: When Hunter-Gatherers and Commercial Stock Farmers Clash
European colonial conquest included many instances of indigenous peoples being exterminated. Cases where invading commercial stock farmers clashed with hunter-gatherers were particularly destructive, often resulting in a degree of dispossession and slaughter that destroyed the ability of these societies to reproduce themselves. The experience of aboriginal peoples in the settler colonies of southern Africa, Australia, North America, and Latin America bears this out. The frequency with which encounters of this kind resulted in the annihilation of forager societies raises the question of whether these conflicts were inherently genocidal, an issue not yet addressed by scholars in a systematic way.
eBook
The Destruction of Hunter-Gatherer Societies on the Pastoralist Frontier
Both the Cape and Australia were once the home of hunter-gatherer societies. At the Cape, hunter-gatherer societies were almost completely destroyed by colonial pastoralist farmers during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In Australia, the colonies of white settlement were also spear-headed by pastoralist farmers who advanced at the expense of hunter-gatherers. Though members of Australian hunter-gatherer societies survived into the twentieth century, they did so largely as labourers within the pastoral economy, in barren reserves, or on land deemed undesirable for pastoral production. One estimate is that from a pre-contact population of about one million, the Aboriginal people had been
Book Chapter
The Voyage Out
ALMOST ONE MILLION PEOPLE sailed in the ships of the Verenigde Oost–Indische Compagnie (VOC, or Dutch East India Company) from the Netherlands to the East Indies between 1602 and 1795.¹ Half a million of these were not Dutch; they were mostly Germans who had signed themselves into voluntary bondage to the company for three to five years. These Germans were but a small proportion of the many millions of inhabitants of German-speaking Europe who became migrants between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A reliable recent estimate puts the number of German migrants during this period at fifteen million, or,
Book Chapter
Written Culture in a Colonial Context
Exploring the extent to which the control over the materiality of writing has shaped the numerous and complex processes of cultural exchange from the 16th century onwards, this book introduces the specifities of written culture anchored in colonial contexts.
eBook
