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This systematic review analyzes the research literature on student voice and agency in the middle grades, focusing on middle-level schools, culture, and learning environments. The idea of student voice and agency was taken up as collaborative decision-making and/or student feedback on issues related to school and pedagogy. After a comprehensive search for peer-reviewed research (2015–2024), an article review framework was developed to determine how, where, and why student voices and agency were engaged in the middle grades. Three themes characterized the research literature: (1) passive student voice and agency: researcher-driven studies to gain understanding; (2) active student voice and agency: partnering with students to improve their learning experiences; and (3) activating the inner voice and agency: helping students to reflect on their own learning. The research on student voice and agency provided information that directly and indirectly benefited students. The literature related to passive student voice and agency tended to be indirect, while active student voice and agency and activating students’ inner voice and agency tended to provide tangible and observable student benefits. While the studies were responsive to different aspects of young adolescent development and included foci on students’ social/emotional development and identity, other areas were lacking—including culturally responsive teaching, international perspectives, and sense of self/peer perceptions.

This scoping literature review explores parent interactions with teachers and school environments at the middle level, particularly how parents and teachers perceive middle school environments and parent–teacher relationships, the strategies that schools use to foster parent–teacher collaboration, and the impacts of these interactions on students. The research team identified 14 peer-reviewed studies from 2015 to 2024 that focused on parent interactions with teachers and school environments at the middle level, including parent and teacher perceptions of school environments and parent–teacher relationships and collaborations. The findings revealed a common disconnect between how parents and teachers view school environments, but also showed that intentional, structured communication can help to bridge these gaps. The review also highlights that research on strategies to enhance parent–teacher partnerships is limited and context-specific. Based on this review of the literature, more research is needed on how home–school relationships benefit diverse middle school communities and how collaboration can support student success, particularly during the critical middle school years.

Early adolescence is a critical time for examining academic motivation, specifically motivation to read. To support self-determined motivation to read, students' needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness must be met within the classroom context. Because classroom instructional practices are a key component of adolescents' daily experiences in the classroom, research that investigates the influence of these practices on students' intrinsic motivation to read is needed. In addition, the perceptions of students regarding the degree to which classroom instructional practices meet students' needs as well as the influence of classroom instructional practices on students' motivation to read should be considered. The field is lacking an established measure of early adolescents' perceptions of classroom instructional practices and the degree to which they support students' needs (i.e., competence, autonomy) and intrinsic motivation to read. This study, guided by self-determination theory, sought to address this gap in the literature by developing and validating a measure called the Language Arts Reading Practices Survey (LARPS). This measure assessed student perceptions of the degree to which classroom instructional practices in the language arts classroom support students' needs for competence, autonomy, and students' self-determined motivation to read. The results of this study provide preliminary support for the validity of the LARPS.

Nerinetide is a neuroprotectant effective in preclinical models of acute ischaemic stroke when administered within 3 h of onset. However, the clinical evaluation of neuroprotectants in this short timeframe is challenging. We sought to establish the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of nerinetide when given before hospital arrival within 3 h of symptom onset of suspected stroke. In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, paramedics enrolled participants aged 40–95 years within 3 h of suspected severe stroke onset, who were previously independent, and were being taken to one of seven stroke centres in Ontario or British Columbia, Canada. The primary hypothesis was that the administration of nerinetide would result in a higher rate of good functional outcomes. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to intravenous nerinetide (2·6 mg/kg) or placebo, each in visually identical vials. Paramedics, hospital care providers, and outcome evaluators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was good functional outcome on a sliding dichotomy of the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. Participants were assessed on day 4, 30, and 90 by the stroke center research team, in person or over the telephone. Outcomes, adjusted for age and stroke severity, were evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, and in the target population of those with acute ischaemic stroke. The safety population included all participants who received the study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02315443), and trial enrolment has concluded. Between March 26, 2015, and March 27, 2023, 532 participants received nerinetide (n=265) or placebo (n=267). The mITT population of suspected stroke (n=507; 254 nerinetide and 253 placebo) included 321 (63%) with acute ischaemic stroke, 93 (18%) with intracranial haemorrhage, 44 (9%) with transient ischaemic attack, and 49 (10%) with stroke-mimicking conditions. Treatment began a median of 64 min (IQR 47–100) from symptom onset. Participants randomly assigned to nerinetide had more severe strokes compared with those receiving placebo (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 12, IQR 5–19 vs 10, 4–18 in mITT, and 14, 7–19 vs 10, 4–18 in the acute ischaemic stroke subgroup). Overall, 145 (57%) of 254 participants in the nerinetide group and 147 (58%) of 253 in the placebo group had the primary outcome of a favourable functional outcome using the prespecified sliding dichotomy at 90 days (adjusted odds ratio 1·05, 95% CI 0·73–1·51; adjusted risk ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·85–1·25). In the 302 patients with ischaemic stroke, the favourable functional outcome adjusted for arrival NIHSS and age favoured nerinetide (odds ratio 1·53, 0·93–2·52 and risk ratio 1·21, 0·97–1·52). In those given reperfusion therapies (thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy, or both) nerinetide was associated with improved favourable functional outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 1·84, 1·03–3·28; adjusted risk ratio 1·29, 1·01–1·65). There was no apparent benefit in haemorrhagic stroke or acute ischaemic stroke without reperfusion. There were no safety concerns. Prehospital nerinetide did not improve neurological functional outcomes in all patients with suspected ischaemic stroke in the mITT population. Nerinetide might benefit patients with acute ischaemic stroke who are selected for reperfusion therapies within 3 h of symptom onset. This finding should be confirmed in a future trial. Brain Canada and NoNO.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major agricultural pests globally, capable of causing devastating crop losses. These pests have restricted Hawai‘i’s fruit export opportunities, caused millions in annual crop losses, and discouraged fruit production due to high control costs. The ongoing pressure from fruit flies in Hawai‘i highlights the limitations of current control strategies and the urgent need for new approaches. Entomopathogenic fungi have lower environmental impacts than chemical insecticides, and decades of research show that they can cause high mortality in tephritids. Entomopathogenic fungi autodissemination devices are a promising developing innovation for tephritid management. By using male-attracting, species-specific parapheromone lures in the autodissemination device, male flies can act as vectors to transfer fungal spores to sexually-mature females. Our lab developed a novel oil-based formulation of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and a 3D-printed autodissemination device. In this study, I tested the ability of our autodissemination device to suppress populations of the two most abundant invasive tephritid species in the state- melon flies (Zeugodacus cucurbitae) and oriental fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis).Current tephritid control strategies rely heavily on insecticide-laced bait sprays, mainly containing Spinosad, leading to elevated resistance levels in several wild melon fly and oriental fruit fly populations in Hawai‘i. First, I used lethal concentration assays to assess population-level variation in B. bassiana and Spinosad susceptibility in wild and laboratory melon fly and oriental fruit fly colonies. I found B. bassiana could induce high mortality in both highly Spinosad resistant and susceptible melon fly colonies. Next, I conducted laboratory trials to 1) evaluate the autodissemination device’s ability to facilitate horizontal transfer of spores from male to female flies, and 2) determine if the autodissemination device can cause significant mortality in melon fly and oriental fruit fly populations. Results showed clear evidence of horizontal spore transfer and that the autodissemination device could induce significant mortality in both species.Finally, I conducted four field trials to assess the ability of our device to reduce melon fly and oriental fruit fly populations on commercial farms in Hawai‘i. In three field trials, we demonstrated that the autodissemination device could reduce melon fly populations. However, in the one field trial targeting oriental fruit flies, fly populations were not reduced- possibly because of the shorter treatment period and differing farm management practices. Together, these results demonstrate that our autodissemination device can reduce tephritid fruit fly populations, and could be a valuable addition to current management strategies.

When investigating motivation, including motivation to read, motivation should be conceptualized as a multidimensional construct which considers the individual's purposes for engaging in the activities under investigation (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Motivation for activities that are undertaken because they are enjoyable in and of themselves or because the individual values them is termed \"self-determined\" motivation, as it is viewed as coming from within the individual instead of being driven by an outside individual or edict (Ryan & Deci, 2009). Self-determined motivation is viewed as optimal for supporting positive outcomes regarding the desired behavior or action (De Naeghel et al., 2012). Previous research indicates a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and reading comprehension, as well as a negative association between extrinsic motivation and the same reading outcome (Wang & Guthrie, 2004). The current study sought to explore relationships between middle grades students' and teachers' perceptions of the extent to which language arts classroom practices meet students' needs and support their intrinsic motivation to read.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), while resource-intensive, may improve outcomes in selected patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We sought to identify patients who fulfilled a set of ECPR criteria in order to estimate: (1) the proportion of patients with refractory cardiac arrest who may have benefited from ECPR; and (2) the outcomes achieved with conventional resuscitation. We performed a secondary analysis from a 52-month prospective registry of consecutive adult non-traumatic OHCA cases from a single urban Canadian health region serving one million patients. We developed a hypothetical ECPR-eligible cohort including adult patients <60 years of age with a witnessed OHCA, and either bystander CPR or EMS arrival within five minutes. The primary outcome was the proportion of ECPR-eligible patients who had refractory cardiac arrest, defined as termination of resuscitation pre-hospital or in the ED. The secondary outcome was the proportion of EPCR-eligible patients who survived to hospital discharge. Of 1,644 EMS-treated OHCA, 168 (10.2%) fulfilled our ECPR criteria. Overall, 54/1644 (3.3%; 95% CI 2.4%-4.1%) who were ECPR-eligible had refractory cardiac arrest. Of ECPR-eligible patients, 114/168 (68%, 95% CI 61%-75%) survived to hospital admission, and 70/168 (42%; 95% CI 34-49%) survived to hospital discharge. In our region, approximately 10% of EMS-treated cases of OHCA fulfilled our ECPR criteria, and approximately one-third of these (an average of 12 patients per year) were refractory to conventional resuscitation. The integration of an ECPR program into an existing high-performing system of care may have a small but clinically important effect on patient outcomes.

The purpose of this short-term longitudinal quantitative study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of teacher autonomy support and structure on young adolescents' academic motivation, classroom engagement, school belonging, and achievement. Middle school students (N = 209, 61% female) self-reported perceptions of teacher support (choice, respect, relevance), teacher structure (monitoring, expectations, help), academic motivation (intrinsic value), engagement (involved and disruptive behavior), school belonging, and semester grades in the fall and spring of the school year. Hierarchical regression findings indicated teacher support and structure influenced young adolescents' school functioning after controlling for prior adjustment, and that gender moderated associations. Teacher respect was related with involved behavior, and expectations were related with intrinsic value, belonging, and achievement. As expected, high levels of perceived support and structure were associated with higher levels of intrinsic value, involved behavior, and school belonging. Boys who perceived high levels of teacher respect and monitoring reported the lowest disruptive behavior and the highest semester grades. Boys who perceived high levels of teacher respect and help reported the lowest semester grades. Implications for middle grades educational research and practice are discussed.

The purpose of this short-term longitudinal quantitative study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of teacher autonomy support and structure on young adolescents’ academic motivation, classroom engagement, school belonging, and achievement. Middle school students (N = 209, 61% female) selfreported perceptions of teacher support (choice, respect, relevance), teacher structure (monitoring, expectations, help), academic motivation (intrinsic value), engagement (involved and disruptive behavior), school belonging, and semester grades in the fall and spring of the school year. Hierarchical regression findings indicated teacher support and structure influenced young adolescents’ school functioning after controlling for prior adjustment, and that gender moderated associations. Teacher respect was related with involved behavior, and expectations were related with intrinsic value, belonging, and achievement. As expected, high levels of perceived support and structure were associated with higher levels of intrinsic value, involved behavior, and school belonging. Boys who perceived high levels of teacher respect and monitoring reported the lowest disruptive behavior and the highest semester grades. Boys who perceived high levels of teacher respect and help reported the lowest semester grades. Implications for middle grades educational research and practice are discussed.

Objective The \"Trial of Continuous (CCC) or Interrupted Chest Compressions (ICC) during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)\" compared two CPR strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although results were neutral, there was suggestion of benefit for ICC. However, nearly 50% of study patients had a protocol violation; regional variations may have played a role in protocol adherence and outcomes. We analyzed our British Colombia (BC) cohort to decide whether a protocol change from CCC to ICC was justified. Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of BC-enrolled study patients. The primary between-group comparison was favorable neurological outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 3) using intention-to-treat. Secondary analyses compared those treated per-protocol (adjusted) and the top compliant clusters (unadjusted). We classified protocol violations using a structured algorithm. We used logistic regression and computed the difference in probabilities using the marginal standardization method with bootstrapping to calculate confidence intervals. Results There were 3769 patients included, with a median age of 69 years (IQR: 56-80). There were protocol violations in 3.2% of those in the CCC group and 27% of those in the ICC group. In patients randomized to CCC or ICC, 11.2% and 10.8% (risk difference 0.42%; 95% CI -1.58, 2.41) had favorable neurological outcomes, respectively. In the per-protocol and top compliant clusters comparisons, risk differences were 0.25% (95% CI -1.70, 2.25) and 2.95% (95% CI -0.68, 6.58). Conclusion Our comparisons suggest that CCC may be the preferred strategy in our region and is likely not resulting in worse outcomes. Based on the original study and our local analysis, we found no compelling reasons to change our local strategy from CCC to ICC.