Explore the vast range of titles available.

The interventions used to prevent or treat violence against children, particularly sexual abuse, tend to only consider the target audience as their main source of data. We tested the effect of an online training for school staff members in Europe through three studies. In Study I, we interviewed 5 adult women ( M age = 49.2, SD = 5.81) who were victims of sexual abuse during childhood to assess what school could have done during that time to protect them. Through Study II, we collected data on 66 school staff members to assess feasibility (based on quantitative indicators) and to explore the changes they would make to their everyday practice due to the training course (using qualitative analysis). In Study III, we used network analysis to assess to what extent the actions described by school staff in Study II met the needs expressed by the victims in Study I. Findings of Study I revealed new proposals from the victims’ perspective, such as working with the perpetrators. Study II showed the feasibility of training and identified five types of action that school staff members will include in their everyday working dynamics due to the training: detection (e.g., Greater attention to relationships with peers) , reporting (e.g., Now I know that suspecting a case of child abuse is enough to report ), everyday practices (e.g., Introducing a calming space ), changes at school level (e.g., Propose the training course to the school management team) or practices that could belong to more than one category (e.g., Greater awareness of the activities undertaken by the school ). Study III provided evidence that some of these changes (e.g., reporting without looking for proof) were in line with some of the victims’ expectations (e.g., listen to the children). We also identified gaps that need to be further developed.

Edible electronics leverages the electronic properties of food‐grade materials to create non‐toxic technologies that can be either environmentally degraded or digested by the body after the completion of their function. Various edible electronic components have been recently proposed, and their integration into more complex circuits and systems is urgently needed for point‐of‐care devices. In this context, developing a safe technology for interconnecting edible components is crucial. To this aim, here an edible electrically conductive adhesive made from zein, an edible protein derived from corn, and activated carbon, a food additive, are reported. Different formulations are proposed depending on the ratio between adhesive binder (zein) and electrically conductive filler (activated carbon), evidencing a trade‐off between resistivity and adhesion, passing from a 3 × 103 Ω cm resistivity and 2 MPa lap shear adhesion strength to 5 × 102 Ω cm and 0.5 MPa values upon increasing the filler content. As a proof‐of‐concept, the conductive adhesive is validated in different applications relevant to edible electronics, such as mounting devices on top of innovative edible substrates, interconnecting state‐of‐the‐art edible batteries, and conforming highly adhesive electrodes for fruit monitoring. An electrically conductive glue is formulated using only food‐grade materials (zein from corn and activated carbon) for the development of complex circuits in the field of edible electronics. As a proof‐of‐concept, the edible glue is applied in different examples, such as device‐mounting on edible substrates, interconnection of edible batteries, and impedance analysis electrodes for fruit.

The situation of crisis produced by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic poses major challenges to societies all over the world. While efforts to contain the virus are vital to protect global health, these same efforts are exposing children and adolescents to an increased risk of family violence. Various criminological theories explain the causes of this new danger. The social isolation required by the measures taken in the different countries, the impact on jobs, the economic instability, high levels of tension and fear of the virus, and new forms of relationships have all increased levels of stress in the most vulnerable families and, therefore, the risk of violence. In addition, mandatory lockdowns imposed to curb the spread of the disease have trapped children in their homes, isolating them from the people and the resources that could help them. In general, the restrictive measures imposed in many countries have not been accompanied by an analysis of the access to the resources needed to reduce this risk. It is necessary to take urgent measures to intervene in these high-risk contexts so that children and adolescents can develop and prosper in a society which is likely to undergo profound changes, but in which the defense of their rights and protection must remain a major priority.

Background: Misconceptions about child sexual abuse persist to this day. Assessing and challenging these beliefs among childcare professionals is essential to improve the quality of care provided to victims. The aim of the present study was to validate the CSAM scale in a sample of Spanish professionals, as well as to analyse their level of agreement with these misconceptions. Method: 1007 participants (86.1% female) with various professional profiles related to childcare completed the CSAM scale as part of a training programme. Results: The scale scores show a unidimensional structure (CFI = .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .06) and good internal consistency (α and ω = .83). Spanish childcare professionals generally disagreed with the myths presented (M = 18.2; SD = 4.3). However, men had higher scores on some items; prior training decreased the level of agreement with the myths; and police officers showed the lowest knowledge of child sexual abuse. Conclusions: Knowledge among Spanish childcare professionals is generally adequate, however further training is still needed.

The stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.

Los programas de preparación al juicio son un recurso que tiene como objetivo reducir el malestar que este produce en las víctimas menores de edad, si bien los estudios sobre su efectividad son escasos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es ofrecer una revisión de estos programas para conocer si se están cumpliendo los objetivos previstos en su diseño y si el efecto que están produciendo es realmente el esperado. Para ello se ha realizado una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Los seis estudios incluidos muestran que tanto los participantes en los programas de preparación como sus cuidadores principales y los profesionales del ámbito jurídico consideran que estos programas disminuyen la ansiedad y facilitan el testimonio de las víctimas. Se plantea la necesidad de adaptar e implementar estos programas en España con el fin de reducir la victimización secundaria de los niños, niñas y adolescentes.

Con el objetivo de describir el crecimiento postraumático en sobrevivientes de violencia sexual infantil en Iberoamérica, se encuestó a 195 hombres y mujeres adultas que reportan violencia sexual en su infancia. Utilizando la regresión lineal múltiple, se identificó el efecto de la fe, los problemas psicosociales y de salud mental, el tipo de violencia sexual y el sexo de los participantes en el crecimiento postraumático. Este se evidencia en sobrevivientes en todas las dimensiones evaluadas, aportando a su predicción el grado de religiosidad ( p <.001), los problemas psicosociales y de salud mental ( p <.001) y el tipo de violencia sexual ( p = .027), aunque no se identifican efectos del sexo ( p = .154). Es necesario incorporar el crecimiento postraumático como una dimensión relevante en la intervención terapéutica, ampliando la mirada centrada en el daño, para incorporar los recursos y fortalezas con que cuentan los sobrevivientes.

Highly conflictive divorces represent a serious problem that affects the health of the children involved. Thus, in addition to the consequences derived from a tense and difficult judicial procedure, children experience the negative effects of inappropriate parental behavior that can have an impact on their health and development. To date no work has formally addressed the identification of parental behaviors that may be considered victimizing to children. In the present study, we explore the specific indicators that could define that a child is suffering victimization due to some undesirable behavior or attitude displayed by his or her parents in the specific context of high-conflict divorce. The sample consisted of an interprofessional group of experts (psychologists, judges, lawyers, prosecutors) at the national level ( n = 15). The results showed a high consensus among professionals on the majority of inappropriate parental behaviors. This study is the first to provide a list of victimizing behaviors of children in the context of high-conflict divorce that may guide future interventions and prevention policies to mitigate the effects they experience during this process.

Background: Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (CSECA) is a worldwide problem. The need to improve current detection and intervention protocols motivated this analysis, which aimed to use expert opinion to identify indicators (symptoms, conduct, or behaviors) that may help to predict the risk of suffering CSECA and to detect those who are suffering from it, as well as the type of detection tools and protocols that should be used. Method: An international multidisciplinary group of experts in CSECA was invited to take part in this study. A two-round digital Delphi panel was undertaken with 22 experts. An ad hoc questionnaire was created, which included 41 questions about CSECA risk factors and interventions that should be considered during detection. Results: The main indicators identified included normalization of dynamics of sexual exchange within the family, family history of sexual exploitation, and sexually transmitted infections. Predictive characteristics included economic extortion, lack of documentation, and family estrangement. Additionally, 95.5% of participants agreed that multiple victimizations in childhood should be considered for CSECA detection. Conclusions: This study provides information that may be very useful in the development/improvement of instruments for CSECA detection. With this approach we hope to promote the creation of tools adapted to the Spanish cultural context. Keywords: Commercial sexual exploitation; children; adolescents; sexual abuse; risk factors; Spain. Factores de Riesgo para la Explotacion Sexual Comercial de Ninas, Ninos y Adolescentes: Resultados de un Panel Internacional Delphi. Antecedentes: la explotacion sexual comercial de ninos, ninas y adolescentes (ESCIA) es un problema mundial. La necesidad de mejorar los protocolos de deteccion motivo este estudio enfocado a identificar, segun la opinion de expertos, las caracteristicas (sintomas, conductas o comportamientos) que pueden ayudar a predecir el riesgo de ESCIA y/o detectar a quienes lo padecen, asi como el tipo de herramientas y protocolos de deteccion que deberian utilizarse. Metodo: veintidos expertos en ESCIA, multidisciplinarios e internacionales, participaron en un panel Delphi de dos rondas. El cuestionario utilizado preguntaba sobre los factores de riesgo de ESCIA y las intervenciones que deberian tenerse en cuenta para su deteccion. Resultados: los indicadores principales identificados fueron: Normalizacion de la dinamica del intercambio sexual dentro de la familia, antecedentes familiares de explotacion sexual y enfermedades de transmision sexual. Las caracteristicas predictivas incluyeron extorsion economica, falta de documentacion y alejamiento familiar. El 95,5% de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo en que la victimizacion multiple en la infancia deberia considerarse para la deteccion de ESCIA. Conclusiones: este estudio aporta informacion que puede ser de gran utilidad en el desarrollo/mejora de instrumentos para la deteccion de ESCIA. Con este acercamiento esperamos promover mas estudios al respecto. Palabras clave: explotacion sexual comercial; ninos; ninas; adolescentes; abuso sexual; factores de riesgo, Espana.

Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors can experience psychological changes and growth as a consequence of their victimization experience, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensionality, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory – Short Form (PTGI-SF) (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) in a sample of 104 adult survivors of CSA. Method: Different models of PTGI-SF validated in different languages and samples were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results: The results showed that the original five-factor model exhibited the best goodness of fit. Internal consistency was adequate for the general scale, and acceptable for the five different factors. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between the PTGI-SF total score and psychosocial and mental health problems, as well as gender differences, with women tending to report more PTG than men. Conclusions: These results suggest that the Spanish PTGI-SF is a brief, reliable, valid self-report measure for assessing PTG experienced by CSA survivors.