Explore the vast range of titles available.

Political, economic, and epidemiological changes in Brazil have affected health and the health system. We used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) results to understand changing health patterns and inform policy responses. We analysed GBD 2016 estimates for life expectancy at birth (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE), all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors for Brazil, its 26 states, and the Federal District from 1990 to 2016, and compared these with national estimates for ten comparator countries. Nationally, LE increased from 68·4 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·0–68·9) in 1990 to 75·2 years (74·7–75·7) in 2016, and HALE increased from 59·8 years (57·1–62·1) to 65·5 years (62·5–68·0). All-cause age-standardised mortality rates decreased by 34·0% (33·4–34·5), while all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 30·2% (27·7–32·8); the magnitude of declines varied among states. In 2016, ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of age-standardised YLLs, followed by interpersonal violence. Low back and neck pain, sense organ diseases, and skin diseases were the main causes of YLDs in 1990 and 2016. Leading risk factors contributing to DALYs in 2016 were alcohol and drug use, high blood pressure, and high body-mass index. Health improved from 1990 to 2016, but improvements and disease burden varied between states. An epidemiological transition towards non-communicable diseases and related risks occurred nationally, but later in some states, while interpersonal violence grew as a health concern. Policy makers can use these results to address health disparities. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

The main objective of this study was to identify, describe, classify and analyze the scientific health economic evidence of VL-related technologies. A web search of combinations of free text and Mesh terms related to the economic evaluation of visceral leishmaniasis was conducted on scientific publication databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via the Pubmed and Lilacs). A manual search of references lists of articles previously identified by the authors was also included. Articles written in English, Portuguese, Spanish or French were considered suitable for inclusion. Articles that matched the inclusion criteria were screened by at least two researchers, who extracted information regarding the epidemiologic scenario and methodological issues on a standardized form. The initial search retrieved 107 articles, whose abstracts were inspected according to the inclusion criteria leading to a first selection of 49 (46%) articles. After the elimination of duplicates, the list was reduced to 21 (20%) articles. After careful reading and application of exclusion criteria, 14 papers were eligible according to the description, classification and analysis process proposed by the study. When classified by type of economic evaluation, articles were 7 (50%) cost-effectiveness, 5 (36%) cost-minimization, 1(7%) cost-benefit, and 1(7%) budget impact. When classified by methodology, studies were mainly nested to clinical-trials (\"piggy back\") 8(57%). Discount rates for outcomes and costs were present in 3 (43%) of the cost-effectiveness studies, and according to WHO's recommendations, the discount rate of 3% was used in all studies. This article showed that health economic evaluations on visceral leishmaniasis used a wide range of technologies and methods. Nevertheless it is important to point out the geographic concentration of studies, which makes their transferability uncertain to different epidemiological scenarios, especially those concerning visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum.

(1) Background: We aimed to estimate sexualized drug use (SDU) prevalence and its predictors among sexual and gender minorities. (2) Methods: We used an online and on-site survey to enroll sexual/gender minorities people between October–December/2020, and multivariate logistic regression to obtain SDU correlates. (3) Results: We enrolled 3924 individuals (280 transgender women [TGW], 3553 men who have sex with men [MSM], and 91 non-binary), 29.0% currently on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). SDU prevalence was 28.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.4–30.2). TGW had 2.44-times increased odds (95%CI 1.75–3.39) of engaging in SDU compared to MSM, regardless of PrEP use. PrEP use (aOR 1.19, 95%CI 1.00–1.41), South/Southeast region (aOR 1.26, 95%CI 1.04–1.53), younger age (18–24 years: aOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.10–1.81; 25–35 years: aOR 1.24, 95%CI 1.04–1.53), white race/color (aOR 1.21, 95%CI 1.02–1.42), high income (aOR 1.32, 95%CI 1.05–1.67), binge drinking (aOR 2.66, 95%CI 2.25–3.14), >5 sexual partners (aOR 1.88, 95%CI 1.61–2.21), condomless anal sex (aOR 1.49, 95%CI 1.25–1.79), self-reported sexually transmitted infection (aOR 1.40, 95%CI 1.14–1.71), and higher perceived HIV-risk (aOR 1.37, 95%CI 1.14–1.64) were associated with SDU. (4) Conclusions: TGW had the highest SDU odds. SDU may impact HIV vulnerability among key populations and should be addressed in HIV prevention approaches.

Background Health-related quality of life instruments (HRQoL) are widely used to produce measures that summarize population health and to inform decision-making and health policy. Although the literature about the relationship between health and race in the United States is quite extensive, there is a lack of studies that comprehensively examine the relationship between race and preference-based HRQoL. Given the widespread use of these measures, it becomes important to understand the extent of the race differences in HRQoL scores and factors associated with any such differences. Methods We examined the differences in HRQoL, between blacks and whites and associated factors, using the summary scores of the SF-6D, EQ-5D, QWB-SA, HUI2, HU13, administered by telephone to a nationally representative sample of 3,578 black and white US adults between the ages of 35 and 89 in the National Health Measurement Study (NHMS). Results Black women had substantially lower HRQoL than white women. The difference was largely explained by sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. Black men did not differ significantly from white men, except for the EQ-5D. HRQoL among black men was higher at higher income levels, while the HRQoL of black women was especially low compared to other groups at high income levels.

We explore the determinants of influenza vaccine purchasing decision in the US via a nationwide survey of 251 medical office managers and physicians on preferences for seven vaccine presentation attributes: price, presence of thimerosal, contamination risk, storage space requirement, number of preparation steps, dosing errors and speed. The findings show that thimerosal, contamination risk, and dosing errors were the most important attributes. For pediatricians, thimerosal's absence was shown to be the most valuable attribute. Participants would be willing to spend the following additional amounts per dose of influenza vaccine to acquire products as follows: $5.06 for the absence of thimerosal, $5.23 for a lower contamination risk, $4.94 for lower chance of dosing errors. They would pay $1.08 more for influenza vaccines that were faster to administer, $1.27 more for vaccines that were easier to store, and $1.76 more for vaccines that had fewer steps to administer.

Searching in the Web of Knowledge for “ionic liquids” AND “luminescence” AND “lanthanide”, around 260 entries can be found, of which a considerable number refer solely or primarily to europium (90%, ~234). Europium has been deemed the best lanthanide for luminescent applications, mainly due to its efficiency in sensitization, longest decay times, and the ability to use its luminescence spectra to probe the coordination geometry around the metal. The remaining lanthanides can also be of crucial importance due to their different colors, sensitivity, and capability as probes. In this manuscript, we intend to shed some light on the existing published work on the remaining lanthanides. In some cases, they appear in papers with europium, but frequently in a subordinate position, and in fewer cases then the main protagonist of the study. All of them will be assessed and presented in a concise manner; they will be divided into two main categories: lanthanide compounds dissolved in ionic liquids, and lanthanide-based ionic liquids. Finally, some analysis of future trends is carried out highlighting some future promising fields, such as ionogels.

Background Peri-implantitis is a chronic inflammation, resulting in loss of supporting bone around implants. Chronic periodontitis is a risk indicator for implant failure. Both diseases have a common etiology regarding inflammatory destructive response. BRINP3 gene is associated with aggressive periodontitis. However, is still unclear if chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis have the same genetic background. The aim of this work was to investigate the association between BRINP3 genetic variation (rs1342913 and rs1935881) and expression and susceptibility to both diseases. Methods Periodontal and peri-implant examinations were performed in 215 subjects, divided into: healthy (without chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis, n = 93); diseased (with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis, n = 52); chronic periodontitis only (n = 36), and peri-implantitis only (n = 34). A replication sample of 92 subjects who lost implants and 185 subjects successfully treated with implants were tested. DNA was extracted from buccal cells. Two genetic markers of BRINP3 (rs1342913 and rs1935881) were genotyped using TaqMan chemistry. Chi-square ( p  < 0.05) compared genotype and allele frequency between groups. A subset of subjects (n = 31) had gingival biopsies harvested. The BRINP3 mRNA levels were studied by C T method (2 ΔΔCT ). Mann–Whitney test correlated the levels of BRINP3 in each group ( p  < 0.05). Results Statistically significant association between BRINP3 rs1342913 and peri-implantitis was found in both studied groups (p = 0.04). The levels of BRINP3 mRNA were significantly higher in diseased subjects compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.01). Conclusion This study provides evidence that the BRINP3 polymorphic variant rs1342913 and low level of BRINP3 expression are associated with peri-implantitis, independently from the presence of chronic periodontitis.

An emissive europium(III) complex [C2mim][Eu(fod)4] (1; C2mim=1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium; fod=1,1,1,2,2,3,3‐heptafluoro‐7,7‐dimethyloctane‐4,6‐dionate) was prepared. The complex shows ratiometric thermal behaviour up to 155 °C. These unusual temperature‐dependent properties arise from a solid‐solid phase transition that promotes increased contact between the anion and the cation, affecting the emission profile of the emissive anion in two different ratiometric relations. A ultrabright and flexible emissive photopolymer film was obtained using polysulfone (PSU) as the host matrix of 10 % (w/w) of 1, that also induced changes on the lanthanide emissive profile with temperature. A temperature‐responsive luminescent film 1/PSU is sensitivr to heating between 100 and 155 °C. Also, the emission lifetime of 1 was not affected by confinement in PSU, while its emission quantum yield was reduced from 82 to 59 %. An unusual thermally activated anion–cation interaction, characteristic of the anion [Eu(fod)4]−, occurs in the complex [C2mim][Eu(fod)4], which shows two different types of ratiometric thermal behaviour arising from solid‐solid phase transitions. Its confinement in polysulfone resulted in a new stimuli‐responsive thin luminescent film, which was senstive to heating up to temperatures between 100 and 155 °C.

An unusual thermally sensitive anion–cation interaction, which is characteristic of the anion [Eu(FOD)4]−, occurs in the complex [CHOL][Eu(FOD)4] (1; CHOL=choline; FOD=1,1,1,2,2,3,3‐heptafluoro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐4,6‐octanedionate) and affects both quantum yield and thermochromic behavior. This prompted the design of an Eu3+‐based ratiometric thermometer that functions at temperatures up to 95 °C through a thermally excited state absorption of the Eu3+ ion. The reusable temperature‐sensitive luminescent complex showed a range of relative sensitivity between 0.45 % C−1 at 25 °C, with an increase to 7.0 % C−1 at 95 °C. Confinement of compound 1 in a transparent film of polysulfone resulted in a higher thermal stability of 1 while its luminescence showed a strong temperature dependence. Heating up: An unusual anion–cation interaction presented by an Eu3+/choline complex prompted the design of a new Eu3+‐based ratiometric thermometer that functions up to temperatures of 110 °C. Its immobilization in a transparent polysulfone film resulted in the loss of the unusual thermochromism while its luminescence showed a strong temperature dependence.

In the USA, influenza vaccines are available as parenteral injections or as an intranasal preparation. Injectable influenza vaccines are available in either multidose vial (MDV), single-dose vial or prefilled syringe (PFS) presentations. PFSs have gained market share in the USA but have not yet reached the levels of uptake currently seen in Western Europe. Here, we review the topic of vaccine presentation in the USA, with a special focus on influenza vaccines. Second, we present the results of a time-motion study that measured administration costs of influenza vaccination comparing MDVs versus PFSs during the 2009/2010 influenza campaign. Vaccinating with MDVs took an average 37.3 s longer than PFSs. The cost of administering 1000 immunizations in 2009 using MDVs were US$8596 versus US$8920.21 using PFSs. In a pandemic situation where 300 million Americans would require vaccination, PFSs would save 3.12 million h in healthcare worker time, worth US$111.1 million. The higher acquisition costs of PFS vaccines compared with MDVs are offset by lower administrative costs and increased safety.