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This work introduces Gemma, a family of lightweight, state-of-the art open models built from the research and technology used to create Gemini models. Gemma models demonstrate strong performance across academic benchmarks for language understanding, reasoning, and safety. We release two sizes of models (2 billion and 7 billion parameters), and provide both pretrained and fine-tuned checkpoints. Gemma outperforms similarly sized open models on 11 out of 18 text-based tasks, and we present comprehensive evaluations of safety and responsibility aspects of the models, alongside a detailed description of model development. We believe the responsible release of LLMs is critical for improving the safety of frontier models, and for enabling the next wave of LLM innovations.

Wearable devices have been used in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs to monitor and promote physical activity (PA) in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), such as COPD and asthma. This study aimed to identify the effects of using wearable devices to monitor PA in PR programs for CRD. This systematic review and meta-analysis, registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42024504137), was conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The searches took place in five databases and in the grey literature, with no language or year restrictions. Individuals with COPD or asthma, aged 18 and over, were included. The electronic search identified 3940 references, of which nine articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Wearable devices promoted a significant increase in the number of daily steps (SMD = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.69; p  = 0.04). However, there were no consistent effects on outcomes such as quality of life, functional capacity and anxiety. High heterogeneity and methodological limitations were observed in some studies. Wearable devices promise to increase PA in patients with CRD, especially when integrated into multidisciplinary strategies.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a monogenic disease of high mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. There is no broad, effective, and safe definitive treatment for SCA, so the palliative treatments are the most used. The establishment of an in vitro model allows better understanding of how the disease occurs, besides allowing the development of more effective tests and treatments. In this context, iPSC technology is a powerful tool for basic research and disease modeling, and a promise for finding and screening more effective and safe drugs, besides the possibility of use in regenerative medicine. This work obtained a model for study and treatment of SCA using iPSC. Then, episomal vectors were used for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells to obtain integration-free iPSC. Cells were collected from patients treated with hydroxyurea and without treatment. The iPSCP Bscd lines were characterized for pluripotent and differentiation potential. The iPSC lines were differentiated into HSC, so that we obtained a dynamic and efficient protocol of CD34+CD45+ cells production. We offer a valuable tool for a better understanding of how SCA occurs, in addition to making possible the development of more effective drugs and treatments and providing better understanding of widely used treatments, such as hydroxyurea.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in dogs, and metabolomics investigation has been recently introduced for a better understanding of the role of diet in CKD. This study aimed to compare the serum metabolomic profile of healthy dogs (CG) and dogs with CKD (CKD-T0 and CKD-T6) to evaluate whether the diet would affect metabolites. Six dogs (5 females; 1 male; 7.47 ± 2.31 years old) with CKD stage 3 or 4 (IRIS) were included. CG consisted of 10 healthy female dogs (5.89 ± 2.57 years old) fed a maintenance diet. Serum metabolites were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed to assess differences in metabolomic profiles between groups and before (CKD-T0) and after renal diet (CKD-T6). Data analysis was performed on SIMCA-P software. Dogs with CKD showed an altered metabolic profile with increased urea, creatinine, creatine, citrate, and lipids. Lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and glutamine were decreased in the CKD group. However, after 6 months of diet, the metabolite profiles of CKD-T0 and CKD-T6 were similar. Metabolomics profile may be useful to evaluate and recognize metabolic dysfunction and progression of CKD, and the diet may have helped maintain and retard the progression of CKD.

El envejecimiento exitoso es un tema en el que es posible encontrar abundante literatura, así como sobre los problemas de salud asociados con esta etapa de la vida; sin embargo, es más difícil encontrar textos actualizados sobre los aspectos psicosociales del cuidado de los ancianos enfermos y en situación de dependencia. A través de una revisión crítica de la literatura, rastreando sus orígenes históricos y terminando con las contribuciones más actualizadas, se detallan los efectos cognitivos y físicos derivados del envejecimiento, el estrés de los cuidadores y las necesidades familiares de los pacientes geriátricos, institucionalización, problemas familiares, demencia y cuidadores familiares. El libro gira en torno a tres ejes; el primero aborda los determinantes y las manifestaciones del envejecimiento que están asociadas a limitaciones de la autonomía y, por lo tanto, a la dependencia. Un segundo eje conceptual es la dependencia, funcionalidad y sus factores biopsicosociales determinantes. El último eje corresponde a los cuidadores familiares, el efecto de la sobrecarga y su calidad de vida. Este libro permite al lector obtener información clara y precisa sobre aspectos relacionados con el envejecimiento saludable, dependencia y responsabilidades en el cuidado de dichos pacientes, todo esto para generar una reflexión sobre la atención no solo del paciente geriátrico, sino de la familia, los programas de prevención y promoción en la salud en entidades públicas y privadas para cuidadores y familiares.

We cross-match and compare characteristics of galaxy clusters identified in observations from two sky surveys using two completely different techniques. One sample is optically selected from the analysis of three years of Dark Energy Survey observations using the redMaPPer cluster detection algorithm. The second is X-ray selected from XMM observations analysed by the XMM Cluster Survey. The samples comprise a total area of 57.4 deg\\(^2\\), bounded by the area of 4 contiguous XMM survey regions that overlap the DES footprint. We find that the X-ray selected sample is fully matched with entries in the redMaPPer catalogue, above \\(\\lambda>\\)20 and within 0.1\\(< z <\\)0.9. Conversely, only 38\\% of the redMaPPer catalogue is matched to an X-ray extended source. Next, using 120 optically clusters and 184 X-ray selected clusters, we investigate the form of the X-ray luminosity-temperature (\\(L_{X}-T_{X}\\)), luminosity-richness (\\(L_{X}-\\lambda\\)) and temperature-richness (\\(T_{X}-\\lambda\\)) scaling relations. We find that the fitted forms of the \\(L_{X}-T_{X}\\) relations are consistent between the two selection methods and also with other studies in the literature. However, we find tentative evidence for a steepening of the slope of the relation for low richness systems in the X-ray selected sample. When considering the scaling of richness with X-ray properties, we again find consistency in the relations (i.e., \\(L_{X}-\\lambda\\) and \\(T_{X}-\\lambda\\)) between the optical and X-ray selected samples. This is contrary to previous similar works that find a significant increase in the scatter of the luminosity scaling relation for X-ray selected samples compared to optically selected samples.

We introduce an updated To&Krause2021 model for joint analyses of cluster abundances and large-scale two-point correlations of weak lensing and galaxy and cluster clustering (termed CL+3x2pt analysis) and validate that this model meets the systematic accuracy requirements of analyses with the statistical precision of the final Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 6 (Y6) dataset. The validation program consists of two distinct approaches, (1) identification of modeling and parameterization choices and impact studies using simulated analyses with each possible model misspecification (2) end-to-end validation using mock catalogs from customized Cardinal simulations that incorporate realistic galaxy populations and DES-Y6-specific galaxy and cluster selection and photometric redshift modeling, which are the key observational systematics. In combination, these validation tests indicate that the model presented here meets the accuracy requirements of DES-Y6 for CL+3x2pt based on a large list of tests for known systematics. In addition, we also validate that the model is sufficient for several other data combinations: the CL+GC subset of this data vector (excluding galaxy--galaxy lensing and cosmic shear two-point statistics) and the CL+3x2pt+BAO+SN (combination of CL+3x2pt with the previously published Y6 DES baryonic acoustic oscillation and Y5 supernovae data).

Galaxy clusters provide a unique probe of the late-time cosmic structure and serve as a powerful independent test of the \\(\\Lambda\\)CDM model. This work presents the first set of cosmological constraints derived with ~16,000 optically selected redMaPPer clusters across nearly 5,000 \\(\\rm{deg}^2\\) using DES Year 3 data sets. Our analysis leverages a consistent modeling framework for galaxy cluster cosmology and DES-Y3 joint analyses of galaxy clustering and weak lensing (3x2pt), ensuring direct comparability with the DES-Y3 3x2pt analysis. We obtain constraints of \\(S_8 = 0.864 \\pm 0.035\\) and \\(\\Omega_{\\rm{m}} = 0.265^{+0.019}_{-0.031}\\) from the cluster-based data vector. We find that cluster constraints and 3x2pt constraints are consistent under the \\(\\Lambda\\)CDM model with a Posterior Predictive Distribution (PPD) value of \\(0.53\\). The consistency between clusters and 3x2pt provides a stringent test of \\(\\Lambda\\)CDM across different mass and spatial scales. Jointly analyzing clusters with 3x2pt further improves cosmological constraints, yielding \\(S_8 = 0.811^{+0.022}_{-0.020}\\) and \\(\\Omega_{\\rm{m}} = 0.294^{+0.022}_{-0.033}\\), a \\(24\\%\\) improvement in the \\(\\Omega_{\\rm{m}}-S_8\\) figure-of-merit over 3x2pt alone. Moreover, we find no significant deviation from the Planck CMB constraints with a probability to exceed (PTE) value of \\(0.6\\), significantly reducing previous \\(S_8\\) tension claims. Finally, combining DES 3x2pt, DES clusters, and Planck CMB places an upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses of \\(\\sum m_\\nu < 0.26\\) eV at 95% confidence under the \\(\\Lambda\\)CDM model. These results establish optically selected clusters as a key cosmological probe and pave the way for cluster-based analyses in upcoming Stage-IV surveys such as LSST, Euclid, and Roman.