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Survivors to COVID-19 have described long-term symptoms after acute disease. These signs constitute a heterogeneous group named long COVID or persistent COVID . The aim of this study is to describe persisting symptoms 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis in a prospective cohort in the Northwest Spain. This is a prospective cohort study performed in the COHVID-GS. This cohort includes patients in clinical follow-up in a health area of 569,534 inhabitants after SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 diagnosis. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were collected during the follow up. A total of 248 patients completed 6 months follow-up, 176 (69.4%) required hospitalization and 29 (10.2%) of them needed critical care. At 6 months, 119 (48.0%) patients described one or more persisting symptoms. The most prevalent were: extra-thoracic symptoms (39.1%), chest symptoms (27%), dyspnoea (20.6%), and fatigue (16.1%). These symptoms were more common in hospitalized patients (52.3% vs. 38.2%) and in women (59.0% vs. 40.5%). The multivariate analysis identified COPD, women gender and tobacco consumption as risk factors for long COVID. Persisting symptoms are common after COVID-19 especially in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients (52.3% vs. 38.2%). Based on these findings, special attention and clinical follow-up after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection should be provided for hospitalized patients with previous lung diseases, tobacco consumption, and women.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.

This retrospective study compared clinical, radiological, and patient- and clinician-reported outcomes between immediate and delayed implants placed in patients with tooth agenesis as part of one-stage implant therapy with a split-mouth design. A total of 12 sites of permanent tooth agenesis in five patients received 12 implants (2.4 implants per patient), six being immediate implants in deciduous teeth post-extraction sites, and six being late implants replacing already extracted or spontaneously lost deciduous teeth. Data reporting was performed descriptively without statistical comparative analysis between study groups. Radiographic crestal bone level changes between the time of surgery and 1-year post-surgery did not indicate any marked difference between treatment groups. Patient-reported outcomes related to post-surgical pain and patient preference indicated less pain in immediately treated sites, resulting in a corresponding patient preference related to this treatment modality. Clinician-rated satisfaction levels did not differ. The results of this pilot study support the use of immediate implant placement as a suitable procedure in cases of tooth agenesis.

Dentigerous cyst is an odontogenic developmental cyst arising from the pericoronal tissue of an impacted tooth, and that may exhibit various radiological aspects. The aim of this article is to present four cases of histologically confirmed mandibular dentigerous cysts to highlight diverse radiological presentations: one of classical appearance (well-limited unilocular radiolucent lesion surrounding the crown) and three which have shown radiological peculiarities (one cyst displacing the adjacent tooth, with bone but no root resorption, one cyst presenting hallmarks of infection and one multilocular cyst with thin septa). Such radiologic diversity may, on occasion, suggest a clinical aggressive lesion such as an odontogenic keratocyst or ameloblastoma. The diagnosis of dentigerous cyst requires a thorough evaluation of the clinical presentation and accurate radiological studies.

Misdiagnosis on radiographic examination is a significant risk for dentists and medical practitioners. This review focuses on an anatomical variation of the maxillary sinus that can mimic a radicular (periapical) cyst. Knowledge of morphological variations, their prevalence, and the radiographic criteria distinguishing these variations from true lesions is essential to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment and to prevent unnecessary or potentially harmful interventions. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic literature search of published cases and to present a clinical case illustrating a specific maxillary sinus variant, an enlarged sinus with a prominent alveolar recess that can mimic a periapical cyst on radiographs. After defining specific MeSH terms, a systematic literature search was conducted across three databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase. Relevant articles reporting on enlarged maxillary sinuses with alveolar recesses resembling radicular cysts were identified and analyzed. Four articles describing the presence of an enlarged maxillary sinus with an alveolar recess resembling a periapical cyst were extracted from the literature. Knowledge gaps regarding the alveolar recess of the maxillary sinus remain in the literature and should be addressed to avoid misdiagnosis. The findings also underscore the importance of three-dimensional imaging, such as CT or CBCT, for accurate detection of this anatomical variant.

Modern antiretroviral treatment allowed a significant improvement in the life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH), exhibiting robust and sustained efficacy with scarce toxicities, both in two-drug regimens (2DRs) and three-drug regimens (3DRs). However, a proinflammatory condition is observed even in virologically suppressed PWH. The aim of this study is to assess prospectively the dynamics of various cytokines in PWH who transition from a 3DR to a 2DR. A prospective cohort study including 35 virologically suppressed PWH who switched from a 3DR to a dolutegravir-based 2DR was conducted. Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-18, IP-10, MIG and IL-18BP were quantified using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay (MILLIPLEX ) in samples collected at baseline month 3, month 6 and month 12; an exploratory extension analysis was performed in a subset of 6 participants up to 24 months. Between June/2021 and December/2022, 35 subjects were recruited, of whom mostly were men (  = 25, 71.4%), born in Spain (  = 27, 62.8%), with a median time receiving ART of 10.7 years. Throughout the study period no virological failure or transient episodes of low-level viremia were observed. At month 12, no significant changes were observed in total lymphocyte CD4 count (855 c/µL vs 820 c/µL), CD4 /CD8 ratio (1.05 vs 1.07), IL-6 (2.24 pg/mL vs 2.24 pg/mL) and IP-10 (188.2 pg/mL vs 245.8 pg/mL). On the contrary, increased plasma concentrations of MIG (2785 pg/mL vs 2966 pg/mL,  = 0.017) and IL-18 (63.33 pg/mL vs 75.10 pg/mL,  = 0.009) were observed. In this respect, the variations in IL-18 concentrations were not correlated with significant changes concerning IL-18BP (59.26 pg/mL vs 43.34 pg/mL). At 12 months after switching to a 2DR, plasma IL-18 and MIG concentrations increased, whereas IL-6 and IP-10 remained stable. The rise in IL-18 occurred independently of IL-18BP changes, indicating that reduced IL-18 neutralization is unlikely to explain this finding and supporting the involvement of alternative regulatory pathways.

A healthy man in his 40s was referred to the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of Geneva University Hospital for diagnosis and management of facial swelling affecting the right side of his lower jaw. The patient’s history revealed that the patient had been hit by several punches to the face a few months earlier. To investigate the swelling, an intra-oral radiograph, an orthopantomographic radiograph, and computed tomography were performed, which revealed no fracture of the lower jaw but the presence of a partly impacted fractured wisdom tooth (third molar). This finding, together with the clinical status, indicated cellulitis most likely related to the presence of a fractured wisdom tooth. The decision was made to proceed with tooth extraction, and follow-up at 3 weeks showed good healing and complete resolution of facial swelling. This case highlights that odontogenic infection can also occur as a result of necrosis following the fracture of an impacted wisdom tooth.

A healthy 47-year-old woman consulted the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of the University Hospitals of Geneva with a request to treat her painful tooth 11 and replace the missing tooth 21. The dental history revealed that the patient had lost teeth 21 and 22 due to advanced caries. On clinical examination, tooth 11 showed an ill-fitting prosthetic crown with overhanging margins, an increased localized probing depth of 8 mm in the disto-vestibular area, and sensitivity to percussion. The edentulous site 21 showed horizontal bone atrophy. Radiological examination revealed a well-defined unilocular radiotransparent lesion surrounded by a thin radiolucent border, located at the apex of tooth 11 and measuring 10 × 8 mm. The treatment consisted of extraction of 11, enucleation of the apical lesion, and insertion of implants at sites 11 and 21 with simultaneous bone augmentation in a single surgical procedure, with aesthetic and functional results at 3-year follow-up without any complications. Our case highlights that immediate implant placement in cases of cystic periapical lesions represents a good valid alternative to standard treatment.

The purpose of this study is to report a case of idiopathic osteosclerosis of the mandible and to discuss the differential diagnosis of this lesion. A 17-year-old female was referred to the University Hospital of Geneva by her orthodontist following the fortuitous finding of a radio-opaque lesion in the right posterior mandible at the apex of tooth 44. Intraoral clinical examination revealed no abnormalities of the oral mucosa. Tooth 44 was asymptomatic and reacted positively to the sensitivity test. The orthopantomogram revealed a well-defined unilocular radiodense lesion, surrounded by a thin radiolucent border, measuring 10 × 33 mm, located in the IV quadrant, related to the apex of tooth 44. Differential diagnoses mainly included cementoblastoma, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, condensing osteitis and idiopathic osteosclerosis. The biopsy material allowed a diagnosis of idiopathic osteosclerosis. The proposed treatment was therefore a “wait and see” approach. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, and healing was complete without any neurosensory complications. Our case underlines the differential diagnosis complexity of radio-opaque lesions associated with teeth.

Background: Osseointegration is fundamental to achieving successful implant therapy in dentistry. However, the heat generated during implant placement emerges as a critical factor predisposing to implant failure. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the different factors related to heat generation during implant placement, offering insights to clinicians in their daily clinical practice. Methods: Utilizing the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, we conducted an electronic search for articles published between January 2013 and December 2023. The analysis focused on several factors including bone type, drill shape, drill speed, drill material, drilling force, osteotomy depth, drill load, drilling technique (intermittent or continuous), presence of a surgical guide, irrigation methods, drill wear, and preparation tools available. Results: Initially, 2525 records were identified. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and full-text assessment, 93 articles were included in this scoping review. Additionally, some articles published before 2013 were incorporated in the bibliography to ensure completeness of the review. Conclusions: Heat generation during implant placement arises from a complex interplay of multiple factors. While irrigation and bone hardness appear to be crucial determinants of heat generation during the osteotomy phase, the involvement of other factors remains less clear. Further studies are needed to better understand the precise contribution of these factors towards increasing temperature at the implant site.