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137 result(s) for "Perkins, Stephen M."
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The midnight hour
\"Searching for an explanation of the source of her powers, Lana traces her steps back to high school with a teenage Clark Kent in Smallville. With Lana's role as Superwoman hanging in the balance, Lex Luthor makes an unexpected appearance.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Macehuales and the Corporate Solution: Colonial Secessions in Nahua Central Mexico
This investigation of the legal separation, or 'secession,'of indigenous subject villages from municipal governments in the Tepeaca district of Puebla, Mexico finds that early colonial (1521–1650) and late colonial (1651–1821) cases differed in their litigation and consequences. Early Spanish officials decided cases based predominantly on pre-Hispanic tradition, only permitting separations that preserved older indigenous social units. Bourbon officials of the late era, in contrast, enabled an entirely new type of pueblo to develop. Indigenous commoners (macehuales) used secessions to rupture relations with indigenous nobles (caciques) and local Spanish agriculturalists. The corporate organization of new pueblos in Puebla was without pre-Hispanic precedent. En este artículo, investigo la separación legal, o \"secesión\", de sujetos indígenas de sus municipios en el distrito de Tepeaca, Puebla, en México. Ahí, los trámites coloniales tempranos (1521–1650) contrastaban con los trámites coloniales tardíos (1651–1821) tanto en su litigio como en sus consecuencias. Los funcionarios españoles del primer período resolvían los casos basándose sobre todo en la tradición prehispánica, y permitiendo tan sólo separaciones que preservaban las entidades sociales indígenas previamente existentes. En contraste, los funcionarios borbones permitían el desarollo de un nuevo tipo de pueblo. Los macehuales hacían uso del proceso de secesión para romper sus relaciones con caciques y agricultores españoles locales. La organización corporativa de los pueblos nuevos en Puebla no tuvo precedente en la era prehispánica.
Decolonizing the Borderland: Wichita Frontier Strategies
[...]as a number of theorists point out, explaining continuity during times of considerable social transformation can be more challenging than explaining change.1 By combining extant historical accounts with archaeological site information, material culture, and paleobotanical evidence of environmental changes, we seek to trace the Wichita across prehistory into the contact and colonial era, thereby complementing historians' efforts.2 To better contextualize our findings, we revisit historian Herbert E. Bolton's model of the \"Spanish borderlands\" to demonstrate how a \"decolonized\" borderland model can better explain Native-European relations. [...]the last drafts greatly benefited from the constructive criticisms made by the journal's anonymous reviewers and manuscript editors.
Protohistory and the Wichita
[...]as George Odell notes in his contribution to this volume, the less decorative, more utilitarian artifacts (e.g., undecorated pottery, Fresno points, or other stone tools, such as scrapers) produced by Wichita subdivisions are virtually indistinguishable from those of the neighboring Osage or Pawnee. La Harpe, in turn, ordered a lieutenant to \"carve the arms of the king and the company on a post, which was planted in the center of the village\" (Odell 2002:8). [...]both sides enacted rituals to signify their benevolence and to solidify social and economic relations. [...]protohistoric production remains structured through indigenous labor relations, even if the commodities produced enter European mercantile exchange networks (Alexander 1998; Schortman and Urban 1998; Wolf 1982:83-88). [...]two investigations report findings concerning eighteenth-century European trade goods.
Baffles and Stockades: Entryway Construction at Southern Plains Fortifications, A.D. 1500-1850
Southern Plains archaeologists have for years reported piecemeal data suggesting that ancestors of the Wichita Indians periodically built fortifications. Since 2003, we have conducted archaeological and geophysical investigations at multiple Late Prehistoric and European contact era fortified Wichita sites occupied between about a.d. 1500 and a.d. 1811. We seek to better understand the areal extent, timing, and structural changes associated with facilities that appear to have functioned as redoubts (Drass, Perkins, and Vehik 2018). In this article, we focus on how the Wichita constructed and secured fortification entryways. Given the inherent vulnerability of entryways, architects across the globe have designed a variety of defensive configurations to confound attackers. For the Wichita, the introduction of horses and guns beginning in the 1600s magnified these challenges. Our findings indicate that baffled gates, often paired with fenced extended entryways, facilitated quick entry by defenders and dependents while serving as impediments to hostile intruders.
The Hide Trade and Wichita Social Organization: An Assessment of Ethnological Hypotheses Concerning Polygyny
Compared with late prehistoric archaeological sites attributed to the Wichita, protohistoric sites in Oklahoma contain artifact assemblages indicating that hide processing for trade with French voyageurs became a primary economic activity. Yet aside from assemblage changes, little is understood about how market demand for hides and other animal byproducts altered Wichita social organization, if at all. In this article we investigate polygyny. We examine the hypothesis that in household economies where production depends on women's contributions, market integration intensifies demand on female labor: Where polygyny is practiced, market integration increases the number of wives sought by males, leading to larger families. We compare ethnological data and Blackfoot accounts of polygyny with ethnohistorical and ethnographic information concerning the Wichita. We then review protohistoric Wichita documentary and archaeological data to discuss their strengths and weaknesses for. identifying these social and economic changes.
Shear Behaviour of Deep Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Uniform Load
Experiments were conducted to investigate the shear behaviour of large deep beams subjected to uniform load. Six tests were performed on specimens with identical cross sections and reinforcing, but under different loading configurations. Variables included: span, degree of cracking prior to loading, proximity to a disturbed region near a reaction, and type of flexural stress on the loaded face. The findings indicate a specific set of variables resulting in unconservative predictions made using a strut-and-tie model for simply-supported beams subjected to uniform load, confirming and validating recent results by other researchers. A fanning strut model is proposed and is shown to provide more conservative results. The emerging trend of high capacity in continuous uniformly-loaded specimens is supported by the experimental results, as is the high capacity of specimens uniformly-loaded on their flexural tension face. Further, the high strength of specimens with suboptimal crack orientations supports recent experimental work.
The Plains Hide Trade
Archaeologists and ethnographers of the Great Plains commonly assume that European trade initiated fundamental organizational changes in native peoples’ traditional kin relations, divisions of labor, resource distribution, social equality, and so forth (Bonvillain 2001:192; Wood 1998:7–8). Yet seldom do scholars specify the timing and process of many assumed developments. In fact, specifying the when and how of European-induced changes remains surprisingly difficult, even for years for which both archaeological and documentary data exist. In the present study, we will investigate the technology and productive organization of the Wichita peoples of the central and southern Plains. We will focus on