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This research explores temporal concept drift and temporal alignment in knowledge organization systems (KOS). A comparative analysis is pursued using the 1910 Library of Congress Subject Headings, 2020 FAST Topical, and automatic indexing. The use case involves a sample of 90 nineteenth-century Encyclopedia Britannica entries. The entries were indexed using two approaches: 1) full-text indexing; 2) Named Entity Recognition was performed upon the entries with Stanza, Stanford’s NLP toolkit, and entities were automatically indexed with the Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary application (HIVE), using both 1910 LCSH and FAST Topical. The analysis focused on three goals: 1) identifying results that were exclusive to the 1910 LCSH output; 2) identifying terms in the exclusive set that have been deprecated from the contemporary LCSH, demonstrating temporal concept drift; and 3) exploring the historical significance of these deprecated terms. Results confirm that historical vocabularies can be used to generate anachronistic subject headings representing conceptual drift across time in KOS and historical resources. A methodological contribution is made demonstrating how to study changes in KOS over time and improve the contextualization historical humanities resources.

Broad reviews on the state of literary theory in the profession are less frequent, and the Executive Committee of the Literary and Cultural Theory Forum (LCT Forum) agreed at its planning session for the 2018 MLA Convention to assess the status of theory by looking at its recent history in the academy and considering the different institutional forces that have defined its trajectory. The translation and publication of theoretical texts in books, journals, and anthologies is of course a key element, and one of the two panels thus centered on \"The Book History of Theory.\" Other questions concern the role played by prominent university departments, institutes, and independent centers, like the School for Criticism and Theory, and these broader institutional factors defined the rubric for the second panel, \"The Institutional History of Theory.\"

Now available in a single volume paperback, this advanced reference resource for the novel and novel theory offers authoritative accounts of the history, terminology, and genre of the novel, in over 140 articles of 500-7,000 words. Entries explore the history and tradition of the novel in different areas of the world; formal elements of the novel (story, plot, character, narrator); technical aspects of the genre (such as realism, narrative structure and style); subgenres, including the bildungsroman and the graphic novel; theoretical problems, such as definitions of the novel; book history; and the novel's relationship to other arts and disciplines. The Encyclopedia is arranged in A-Z format and features entries from an international cast of over 140 scholars, overseen by an advisory board of 37 leading specialists in the field, making this the most authoritative reference resource available on the novel. This essential reference, now available in an easy-to-use, fully indexed single volume paperback, will be a vital addition to the libraries of literature students and scholars everywhere.

Victorian Fetishism argues that fetishism was central to the development of cultural theory in the nineteenth century. From 1850 to 1900, when theories of social evolution reached their peak, European intellectuals identified all \"primitive\" cultures with \"Primitive Fetishism,\" a psychological form of self-projection in which people believe everything in the external world—thunderstorms, trees, stones—is alive. Placing themselves at the opposite extreme of cultural evolution, the Victorians defined culture not by describing what culture was but by describing what it was not, and what it was not was fetishism. In analyses of major works by Matthew Arnold, George Eliot, and Edward B. Tylor, Peter Melville Logan demonstrates the paradoxical role of fetishism in Victorian cultural theory, namely, how Victorian writers projected their own assumptions about fetishism onto the realm of historical fact, thereby \"fetishizing\" fetishism. The book concludes by examining how fetishism became a sexual perversion as well as its place within current cultural theory.

In a controversial article on the life and fiction of Charles Dickens, George H. Lewes ponders the inexplicable preference of readers for the novelist's too-simplistic characters over the more complex characters of other writers. He finds an answer in the primitive reaction to fine art: “To a savage there is so little suggestion of a human face and form in a painted portrait that it is not even recognized as the representation of a man” (“Dickens” 150). The implication, it would seem, is that readers turn to Dickens because they are similarly incapable of appreciating more refined modes of art. Today the remark reads as gratuitous and insulting to readers, to Dickens, and to the other cultures Lewes stereotypes as savage. At the same time, the casual nature of the passage also suggests that it reflects commonly held beliefs about primitive life, beliefs we do not have but that Lewes and his readers took for granted. He was clearly safe in assuming such a body of common knowledge, for many other articles in the Fortnightly Review (in which Lewes's article appeared in 1872) had similar references to primitivism. Reading through the journal issues of the time, the extent to which anthropological concepts had escaped the covers of books on primitive society and taken up residence in the pages of review essays on contemporary issues – from history, to life in the colonies, to life in Britain itself – is striking. In its print context, the comment about savages and art is less isolated and inexplicable than it is representative of a broad turn to the topic of primitivism in social commentary and analysis during the 1870s.

This paper presents a use case exploring the application of the Archival Resource Key (ARK) persistent identifier for promoting and maintaining ontologies. In particular, we look at improving computation with an in-house ontology server in the context of temporally aligned vocabularies. This effort demonstrates the utility of ARKs in preparing historical ontologies for computational archival science.

Logan writes about the permeable barrier in Victorian thinking between primitivism and fetishism that he argues was central to the theories of realism promulgated by George Eliot, the fetish cannot be understood adequately as a positive thing in itself. When realism itself begins to take on an objective quality it becomes its own type of fetish. That is, novelistic realism itself becomes a fetishistic practice.

Two distinct qualities made the primitive fetish readily adaptable to the language of fin-de-siècle psychology. In the first place, it described an entirely psychological phenomenon—a purely speculative one associated with primitives, to be sure, but nonetheless a widely accepted mechanism of mental life, and one that was thought to persist within the modern individual, as we saw in Arnold, Eliot, and Tylor. Second, that mechanism explained how humans invested objects with unusual qualities or extraordinary powers, and so it provided a framework for understanding the psychology of attraction. With the increased professional interest in sexuality at the end of

Arnold was a vocal critic of positivism, but he also relied on certain of Comte’s ideas. The theory of the primitive fetish is particularly significant in this regard because it formed the assumed ground for his social criticism of Victorian life. On the far side of his familiar call for objectivism lies a world of fetishism. His phrase, “to see the object as in itself it really is,” responds to a vision of the social body as particularly in need of objectivity. And because it lacks this quality, Arnold’s Victorian society is one that sees the object as in itself

Fetishism exists today in multiple senses. In psychiatry, it is one of the Paraphilias, a group of sexual conditions that also includes exhibitionism, voyeurism, frotteurism (touching nonconsenting people), pedophilia, masochism, sadism, and transvestic fetishism (cross-dressing). The principle diagnostic criteria for sexual fetishism is that the subject has “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (e.g., female under-garments).”¹ It circulates in a more abstract sense in current psychoanalytic theory and criticism derived from Freud, who saw it as an eroticization of objects that served to protect the subject against an unacceptable psychological reality.²