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"Peter Young"
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Imaging biomarkers in neurodegeneration: current and future practices
There is an increasing role for biological markers (biomarkers) in the understanding and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. The application of imaging biomarkers specifically for the in vivo investigation of neurodegenerative disorders has increased substantially over the past decades and continues to provide further benefits both to the diagnosis and understanding of these diseases. This review forms part of a series of articles which stem from the University College London/University of Gothenburg course “Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases”. In this review, we focus on neuroimaging, specifically positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), giving an overview of the current established practices clinically and in research as well as new techniques being developed. We will also discuss the use of machine learning (ML) techniques within these fields to provide additional insights to early diagnosis and multimodal analysis.
Journal Article
Applications of atomic data to studies of the Sun
The Sun is a standard reference object for astrophysics and also a fascinating subject of study in its own right. X-ray and extreme ultraviolet movies of the Sun’s atmosphere show an extraordinary diversity of plasma phenomena, from barely visible bursts and jets to coronal mass ejections that impact a large portion of the solar surface. The processes that produce these phenomena, heat the corona and power the solar wind remain actively studied and accurate atomic data are essential for interpreting observations and making model predictions. For the Sun’s interior intense effort is focused on resolving the “solar problem,” (a discrepancy between solar interior models and helioseismology measurements) and atomic data are central to both element abundance measurements and interior physics such as opacity and nuclear reaction rates. In this article, topics within solar interior and solar atmosphere physics are discussed and the role of atomic data described. Areas of active research are highlighted and specific atomic data needs are identified.
Graphical abstract
An image of a solar active region obtained with the 193 A channel of SDO/AIA, showing plasma at around 1.5 million degrees.
Journal Article
السلحفاة : التاريخ الطبيعي والثقافي
يعد كتاب «السلحفاة» من الكتب القليلة التي تترطق لهذه المخلوقات الرائعة التليدة، فقد حافظت على بقاء جنسها ما ينوف عن 200 مليون سنة. ويأتينا الكتاب بأمثلة على مختلف أنواع السلاحف الموجودة في شتى أصقاع الأرض، ويبسط شارحاً نظرية تطوّرها ونشوئها، والأساطير والوقائع المتعلقة بها. باحثاً عن ذلك في كل من علوم المستحاثات، والتاريخ الطبيعي، والحكايات الشعبية، والتشكيلات الفنية، بما في ذلك استخدام ترس السلحفاة في صناعة الأثاث. ويتناول استلهامها في الأدب، والاعتناء بها في الطب البيطري والأبحاث العلمية والقوانين الناظمة للتجارة. كما يتناول استغلال السلاحف، بوصفها مادة غذائية، والانتهاكات الصارخة لقوانين التجارة العالمية المتعلقة بأنواع منها، ويأتي على وضع السلاحف حالياً لدى جمعيات حماية الحيوان.
Book
Improved PCR primers for the detection and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
A set of PCR primers that should amplify all subgroups of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota), but exclude sequences from other organisms, was designed to facilitate rapid detection and identification directly from field-grown plant roots. The small subunit rRNA gene was targeted for the new primers (AML1 and AML2) because phylogenetic relationships among the Glomeromycota are well understood for this gene. Sequence comparisons indicate that the new primers should amplify all published AMF sequences except those from Archaeospora trappei. The specificity of the new primers was tested using 23 different AMF spore morphotypes from trap cultures and Miscanthus sinensis, Glycine max and Panax ginseng roots sampled from the field. Non-AMF DNA of 14 plants, 14 Basidiomycota and 18 Ascomycota was also tested as negative controls. Sequences amplified from roots using the new primers were compared with those obtained using the established NS31 and AM1 primer combination. The new primers have much better specificity and coverage of all known AMF groups.
Journal Article
Solar Ultraviolet Bursts
The term “ultraviolet (UV) burst” is introduced to describe small, intense, transient brightenings in ultraviolet images of solar active regions. We inventorize their properties and provide a definition based on image sequences in transition-region lines. Coronal signatures are rare, and most bursts are associated with small-scale, canceling opposite-polarity fields in the photosphere that occur in emerging flux regions, moving magnetic features in sunspot moats, and sunspot light bridges. We also compare UV bursts with similar transition-region phenomena found previously in solar ultraviolet spectrometry and with similar phenomena at optical wavelengths, in particular Ellerman bombs. Akin to the latter, UV bursts are probably small-scale magnetic reconnection events occurring in the low atmosphere, at photospheric and/or chromospheric heights. Their intense emission in lines with optically thin formation gives unique diagnostic opportunities for studying the physics of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere. This paper is a review report from an International Space Science Institute team that met in 2016–2017.
Journal Article
الإعلام والمؤسسة العسكرية
يتناول هذا الكتاب العلاقة المتوترة بين الدور المتصور لوسائل الإعلام في خدمة الحق العام الذي يتمثل في معرفة الناس ما يجري في وقت الحرب، من جانب، وواجب هذه الوسائل في مراعاة قيود \"أمن العلميات\" التي تطالب بها المؤسسة العسكرية في الديمقراطيات الليبرالية من الجانب الآخر. ويتابع الكتاب تطور الصحافة الحربية من القرم في خسمينيات القرن التاسع عشر إلى العملية هجوم الصحراء في أيلول / سبتمبر 1996م.
Book
Violations of Hyperscaling in Finite-Size Scaling above the Upper Critical Dimension
We consider how finite-size scaling (FSS) is modified above the upper critical dimension, du=4, due to hyperscaling violations, which in turn arise from a dangerous irrelevant variable. In addition to the commonly studied case of periodic boundary conditions, we also consider new effects that arise with free boundary conditions. Some numerical results are presented in addition to theoretical arguments.
Journal Article