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"Peters, Sam"
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Linking Student Absenteeism on Different Weekdays to Student Achievement
Extensive research has found that when students miss more school days, they have lower test scores. However, little is known about the ways in which students miss these days—namely how missing different days of the week might link differently to test scores. Having this insight, however, holds important knowledge for building interventions and supporting instruction. In that vein, this research explored whether accruing absences on particular days of the week linked differently to student performance on standardized exams. Relying on school district data for students in elementary school, there were two key findings. First, missing any amount of school is negatively associated with lower achievement. That said, our second finding suggests that missing more Mondays stood out as particularly negative for test score performance. The results were only present with excused absences, highlighting that this issue is about missing school, not disengagement necessarily. The results differed for different student groups, and implications are thus discussed.
Journal Article
From distant stars
Inspector Keon has finally got over the death of his wife Alysha in a terrorist attack five years ago. The illegal AI copy of her Liss that he created to help him mourn has vanished, presumed destroyed. His life is back on track. But a deadly shooting in a police-guarded room in a high-security hospital threatens to ruin everything. Who got past the defences? Why did they kill the seemingly unimportant military officer who had been in a coma for weeks? And why did the scanners pick up the deceased man the next day on the other side of the planet, seemingly alive and well? As Keon digs into the mysteries he begins to realise that the death was connected to a mysterious object, potentially alien, discovered buried in ice under the north pole. Someone has worked out what is hidden there, and what its discovery will mean for mankind. Someone who is willing to kill. And another player has entered the game. Someone who seems to know more about Keon than is possible. Someone who might be using Liss's information against him. Or who might be Alysha, back from the dead.
Book
Correlates and determinants of Early Infant Diagnosis outcomes in North-Central Nigeria
Background
A negative status following confirmatory Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) is the desired pediatric outcome of prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs. EID impacts epidemic control by confirming non-infected HIV-exposed infants (HEIs) and prompting timely initiation of ART in HIV-infected babies which improves treatment outcomes.
Objectives
We explored factors associated with EID outcomes among HEI in North-Central Nigeria.
Method
This is a cross-sectional study using EID data of PMTCT-enrollees matched with results of HEI’s dried blood samples (DBS), processed for DNA-PCR from January 2015 through July 2017. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 20.0 to generate frequencies and examine associations, including binomial logistic regression with
p
< 0.05 being statistically significant.
Results
Of 14,448 HEI in this analysis, 51.8% were female and 95% (n = 12,801) were breastfed. The median age of the infants at sample collection was 8 weeks (IQR 6–20), compared to HEI tested after 20 weeks of age, those tested earlier had significantly greater odds of a negative HIV result (≤ 6 weeks: OR = 3.8; 6–8 weeks: OR = 2.1; 8–20 weeks: OR = 1.5) with evidence of a significant linear trend (p < 0.001). Similarly, HEI whose mothers received combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) before (OR = 11.8) or during the index pregnancy (OR = 8.4) had significantly higher odds as compared to those whose mothers did not receive cART. In addition, HEI not breastfed had greater odds of negative HIV result as compared to those breastfed (OR = 1.9).
Conclusions
cART prior to and during pregnancy, earlier age of HEI at EID testing and alternative feeding other than breastfeeding were associated with an increased likelihood of being HIV-negative on EID. Therefore, strategies to scale-up PMTCT services are needed to mitigate the burden of HIV among children.
Journal Article
Concussed : sport's uncomfortable truth
By recounting the untold story of the most influential sports campaign in British newspaper history, which turned concussion in professional rugby from a niche issue into front and back page news, 'Concussed' poses the questions all sports lovers need answering as evidence grows linking sports-related concussions to premature deaths and dementia.
Book
Antifungal Drug Concentration Impacts the Spectrum of Adaptive Mutations in Candida albicans
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a leading global cause of human mortality. Only three major classes of antifungal drugs are widely used, and resistance to all three classes can arise rapidly. The most widely prescribed antifungal drug, fluconazole, disseminates rapidly and reaches a wide range of concentrations throughout the body. The impact of drug concentration on the spectrum and effect of mutations acquired during adaptation is not known for any fungal pathogen, and how the specific level of a given stress influences the distribution of beneficial mutations has been poorly explored in general. We evolved 144 lineages from three genetically distinct clinical isolates of Candida albicans to four concentrations of fluconazole (0, 1, 8, and 64 μg/ml) and performed comprehensive phenotypic and genomic comparisons of ancestral and evolved populations. Adaptation to different fluconazole concentrations resulted in distinct adaptive trajectories. In general, lineages evolved to drug concentrations close to their MIC50 (the level of drug that reduces growth by 50% in the ancestor) tended to rapidly evolve an increased MIC50 and acquired distinct segmental aneuploidies and copy number variations. By contrast, lineages evolved to drug concentrations above their ancestral MIC50 tended to acquire a different suite of mutational changes and increased in drug tolerance (the ability of a subpopulation of cells to grow slowly above their MIC50). This is the first evidence that different concentrations of drug can select for different genotypic and phenotypic outcomes in vitro and may explain observed in vivo drug response variation.
Journal Article
Blueprint for building a biorepository in a resource-limited setting that follows international best practices
Background: Genetic diversity is abundant on the African continent. However, genomic research has been hampered by a lack of high quality and extensively annotated biospecimens and the necessary infrastructure to support such a technology-intensive effort. Objective: The Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN) partnered with the H3Africa Consortium and the Coriell Institute for Medical Research to build an internationally recognised biorepository for the receipt, processing, storage and distribution of biospecimens for biomedical research. Here, the authors describe the procedures, challenges and results encountered. Results: Key requirements for a high-quality biorepository were identified: (1) institutional support of infrastructure and services, (2) on-site trained staff with primary commitment to the biorepository, (3) reliance on best practices from globally recognised biorepository groups, (4) early implementation of a quality management system, (5) adoption of a laboratory information management system with demonstrated versatility in functions, (6) collaboration with external experts and sharing of experience through abstracts, newsletters, published manuscripts, and attendance at meetings and workshops, (7) strict adherence to local and national ethical standards and (8) a sustainability plan that is reviewed and updated annually. Conclusion: Utilising published best practices of globally recognised experts in the biorepository field as a benchmark, IHVN expanded and reorganised its existing laboratory facility and staff to take on this new purpose.
Journal Article
Diagnostic system strengthening for drug resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria : impact and challenges
Background: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis and the threat of extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV hotspots have made the detection and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the sub-Saharan Africa setting a global public health priority. Objective: We sought to examine the impact and challenges of tuberculosis diagnostic capacity development for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis and bio-surveillance using a modular biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory in Nigeria. Method: In 2010, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) programme, through the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, deployed a modular, BSL-3 laboratory to support the national tuberculosis programme in drug-resistant tuberculosis detection and bio-surveillance for effective tuberculosis prevention and control. Results: From 2010 until present, sputum samples from 11 606 suspected cases in 33 states were screened for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Of those, 1500 (12.9%) had mono-resistant tuberculosis strains, and 459 (4.0%) cases had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Over the last four years, 133 scientists were trained in a train-the-trainer programme on advanced tuberculosis culture, drug susceptibility testing, line-probe assays and Xpert® MTB/RIF, in addition to safety operations for biosafety facilities. Power instability, running cost and seasonal dust are notable challenges to optimal performance and scale up. Conclusion: Movable BSL-3 containment laboratories can be deployed to improve diagnostic capacity for drug-resistant tuberculosis and bio-surveillance in settings with limited resources.
Journal Article
COVID-19 in critical care: epidemiology of the first epidemic wave across England, Wales and Northern Ireland
PurposeTo describe critical care patients with COVID-19 across England, Wales and Northern Ireland and compare them with a historic cohort of patients with other viral pneumonias (non-COVID-19) and with international cohorts of COVID-19.MethodsExtracted data on patient characteristics, acute illness severity, organ support and outcomes from the Case Mix Programme, the national clinical audit for adult critical care, for a prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19 (February to August 2020) are compared with a recent retrospective cohort of patients with other viral pneumonias (non-COVID-19) (2017–2019) and with other international cohorts of critical care patients with COVID-19, the latter identified from published reports.Results10,834 patients with COVID-19 (70.1% male, median age 60 years, 32.6% non-white ethnicity, 39.4% obese, 8.2% at least one serious comorbidity) were admitted across 289 critical care units. Of these, 36.9% had a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of ≤ 13.3 kPa (≤ 100 mmHg) consistent with severe ARDS and 72% received invasive ventilation. Acute hospital mortality was 42%, higher than for 5782 critical care patients with other viral pneumonias (non-COVID-19) (24.7%), and most COVID-19 deaths (88.7%) occurred before 30 days. Meaningful international comparisons were limited due to lack of standardised reporting.ConclusionCritical care patients with COVID-19 were disproportionately non-white, from more deprived areas and more likely to be male and obese. Conventional severity scoring appeared not to adequately reflect their acute severity, with the distribution across PaO2/FiO2 ratio categories indicating acutely severe respiratory disease. Critical care patients with COVID-19 experience high mortality and place a great burden on critical care services.
Journal Article