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Net Values
In Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, artisanal fishing
families and staff of Loreto Bay National Park face an array of
choices as tourism, environmental concerns, and economic
precarity challenge livelihoods and natural resource
availability. In
Net Values , Nicole D. Peterson offers a critical
examination of how the idea of “choice” is
understood, and what it means for policies, planning, and
programs to ignore the social, political, economic, and
cultural contexts surrounding these choices.
Anchored by more than twenty years of research, Peterson
provides insight into the fishing community of Loreto and
reveals an important role in decision-making that diverges from
previous studies. She argues that decisions about fishing,
natural resource management, and other aspects of life are
influenced by context, values, and expectations in ways that go
beyond the typical psychological or cognitive theories of
choice. Instead,
Net Values highlights the ways that choices are
constrained and enabled by values and expectations of cultures,
histories, relationships, and experiences, both personal and
shared. Peterson answers questions such as “why do the
fishermen fish?” or “what is the marine park staff
doing?” These decisions and choices are related to the
larger implication addressed by this book: that in order to
make effective policies around natural resource management and
other issues, we must understand how those potential policies
interact with the decision processes already underway.
Divided into five chapters,
Net Values is rich in ethnographic detail, drawing
from real people to inform the narratives, chapters, and
theoretical elaboration. Peterson’s interactions with
fishers such as Don Javier and his family and friends support
the ideas offered around choice, values, and strategies,
connecting ideas to real experiences.
eBook
University Student Food Insecurity as a Form of Structural Violence
Studies of college student food insecurity emphasize the personal characteristics of students and their individual health outcomes, reflecting trends in public health to encourage individual lifestyle changes. More recent work in public health diverges from this focus to encourage conceptualizing health issues not as individual failings but rather as failures of larger systems that are necessary to support health and well-being, implicating the availability of grocery stores, adequate wages, and other contextual barriers to healthy eating. We argue that college student food insecurity should not be conceptualized in terms of the factors affecting individual students but in terms of how the institutional context of the university both creates the conditions under which some students are more likely to be food insecure and also neglects to address these structural failures. Using the framework of structural violence to examine specific ways that these failures occur and are made invisible in the case of college student hunger, we examine recent changes in universities. Unfortunately, these efforts support the focus on individual efforts and success, which contribute to higher rates of food insecurity for students than the general population.
Journal Article
Socioeconomic and environmental predictors of estuarine shoreline hard armoring
Rising sea levels and growing coastal populations are intensifying interactions at the land-sea interface. To stabilize upland and protect human developments from coastal hazards, landowners commonly emplace hard armoring structures, such as bulkheads and revetments, along estuarine shorelines. The ecological and economic consequences of shoreline armoring have garnered significant attention; however, few studies have examined the extent of hard armoring or identified drivers of hard armoring patterns at the individual landowner level across large geographical areas. This study addresses this knowledge gap by using a fine-scale census of hard armoring along the entire Georgia U.S. estuarine coastline. We develop a parsimonious statistical model that accurately predicts the probability of armoring emplacement at the parcel level based on a set of environmental and socioeconomic variables. Several interacting influences contribute to patterns of shoreline armoring; in particular, shoreline slope and the presence of armoring on a neighboring parcel are strong predictors of armoring. The model also suggests that continued sea level rise and coastal population growth could trigger future increases in armoring, emphasizing the importance of considering dynamic patterns of armoring when evaluating the potential effects of sea level rise. For example, evolving distributions of armoring should be considered in predictions of future salt marsh migration. The modeling approach developed in this study is adaptable to assessing patterns of hard armoring in other regions. With improved understanding of hard armoring distributions, sea level rise response plans can be fully informed to design more efficient scenarios for both urban development and coastal ecosystems.
Journal Article
Obstetric fistula awareness in The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar and Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys data
Background: Obstetric fistulas represent a frequently overlooked consequence of inadequate maternal health care and are largely preventable and treatable, with fistula awareness playing a key role in these efforts. This article aimed to understand the levels of fistula awareness and socioeconomic factors that aid or hinder that awareness in four African countries.Aim: The intent was to increase knowledge of the importance of fistula awareness and propose possible pathways to further increase this awareness in the region.Setting: This research used cross-sectional data from the 2019–2021 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar and Sierra Leone.Methods: We noted the prevalence of fistulas in these populations and used weighted logistic regression (n = 60 128) to examine the relationships between key factors and fistula awareness overall and by country.Results: Overall, 0.01% of respondents report having a fistula, and 33% of women are aware of fistulas, ranging from a low of 13% to a high of 57% in The Gambia and Sierra Leone, respectively. Marital status, age, media and internet use, level of education, sexual activity, employment and health knowledge were all discovered to be significant factors in shaping a woman’s awareness of obstetric fistulas.Conclusion: Increasing efforts to improve educational attainment, media access, workplace opportunities for women and health knowledge may have the potential to further increase fistula awareness in these and neighbouring countries. Addressing inadequate maternal health care and increasing women’s rights in these countries can reduce the rates of childbirth injuries like obstetric fistulas.Contribution: This article provides insights to the importance of targeting awareness initiatives through education, media, and community engagement, particularly among women who are younger, less educated, or socially marginalised.
Journal Article
Excluding to include: (Non)participation in Mexican natural resource management
Participatory processes are often intended to encourage inclusion of multiple perspectives in defining management means and goals. However, ideas about the legitimacy of certain uses and users of the resources can often lead to exclusion from participation. In this way, participation can be transformed from a process of inclusion of various resource users to one of exclusion. Using a case study from a marine protected area in Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and drawing on work in deliberative democracy, I present a typology of how individuals and groups can be excluded from participation. External exclusion includes non-invitation and other means for keeping participation from occurring. Internal exclusion refers to exclusionary events during participatory meetings. This analysis suggests that participation needs to be recognized as a valuable but easily manipulated tool in the design of projects like natural resource management.
Journal Article
Breaking the Bounds of Rationality
In fishing communities in Baja California Sur, Mexico, fisheries management is heavily influenced by models of individual economic rationality held by biologists and others involved in management, in which fishermen ‘choose’ to overfish because they are motivated by selfish individual rationality. Yet there is much that is neglected by these models, including the pressures of economic markets, family and community expectations, and cultural and personal value systems. Actual decisions about fishing and resource management rarely match the expectations of classical or neoliberal economic models of individual behaviour. I argue here that rational choice theory is a historically and culturally constructed discourse that becomes a taken-for-granted lens for viewing behaviour around the world. The effects of this discourse can be seen in the policies that are derived from them, as shown through this case study.
Journal Article
Use of the Knowledge Tree as a Mind Map in a Gerontological Course for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Numerous teaching strategies, such as case studies, concept maps, mind maps, and games, are used to stimulate active learning and facilitate the organization of nursing knowledge in undergraduate nursing students ( Shin, Sok, Hyun, & Kim, 2015 ). Specifically, the mind map is a graphical representation that is used to connect key concepts, aid in the recall of information, take notes, and learn collaboratively ( Spencer, Anderson, & Ellis, 2013 ). The current authors developed the knowledge tree as an example of a mind map to conceptually and visually map the development and progression of chronic health conditions and their respective applications in the nursing care process.
Journal Article
Introduction: Moving Beyond the ′Rational Actor′ in Environmental Governance and Conservation
In this brief introduction, we examine the themes and issues that link the three papers in this special section. In each case, neoliberal conservation practices appear to be predicated on a certain kind of individual subject with certain kinds of motives and behaviours-the rational actor. Taken together, these three papers challenge three assumptions of rational actor models, including that individuals are self-interested and attempt to maximise their own benefits, that they only respond to economic incentives, and that economic markets are free, mutual, and rational. Together these articles promote greater attention to how individuals are conceptualised in conservation efforts, and suggest alternative ways to think through conservation projects.
Journal Article
Choices, Options, and Constraints: Decision Making and Decision Spaces in Natural Resource Management
This paper analyzes the decision making processes of the staff of a Mexican national marine park and how their options for natural resource management are affected by internal, external, and relational constraints. Using ethnographic data gathered from 2001-2003, I suggest that the failure of the marine park to accomplish its management goals was not from the lack of a plan to manage the marine area or from internal policies or practices, but from mismatch in objectives with other institutions of Mexican government and a consequent inability to access the needed resources and support. In addition, this paper argues for a more contextually-based understanding of decision making in organizations like protected areas that can account for many of the problems and failures that are often blamed on internal policies or practices. This paper proposes a model of \"decision spaces\" that highlights the space between decision and action, in which these constraints, as well as opportunities, are confronted and potentially managed through flexible strategies that arise from the interaction between decisions and the surrounding sociocultural context.
Journal Article