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Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom widely utilized in traditional East Asian medicine, recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties. This review explores the potential of C. militaris-derived bioactive gels for applications in dermatology and skincare, with a particular focus on their therapeutic and anti-aging benefits. In response to the rising incidence of skin cancers and the growing demand for natural bioactive ingredients, C. militaris has emerged as a valuable source of functional compounds, including cordycepin, polysaccharides, and adenosine. These compounds exhibit multiple bioactivities, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and anti-inflammatory effects, which have been shown to be particularly effective against melanoma and other skin cancers. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of C. militaris enhance skin resilience by scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting collagen synthesis, thereby addressing skin health and anti-aging requirements. The potential for incorporating C. militaris compounds into gel-based formulations for skincare is also examined, either as standalone bioactives or in combination with synergistic ingredients. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of clinical trials and standardization to establish the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of such applications. By providing a safer alternative to synthetic agents, C. militaris-derived bioactive gels represent a promising advancement in dermatology and skincare.

The emergent occurrence of sulfonamide species involving sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) in aquatic systems can cause a wide range of potential risks; hence, remediation strategies need to be necessary. Here, we develop the novel metal-organic framework-derived nanocomposite, and apply for the adsorption of SDZ and SMZ antibiotics. To assess the best-fitting kinetic (pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order) and isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Toth, and Khan) models, a series of numerous statistical analysis was performed. Numerous error functions including squares of the errors (SSE), hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt’s percent standard deviation (MPSD), and mean relative error (MRE) were also analyzed to assess the linear and nonlinear models. The results indicated that both linear and nonlinear kinetic models were mostly fitted well with pseudo second-order models ( R adj ) 2  > 0.97. Although linear kinetics gave better ( R adj ) 2 , error functions (MRE, SSE, HYBRID, and MPSD) were mostly higher than those of nonlinear kinetics. For adsorption isotherm, nonlinear Redlich-Peterson was the most compatible model with extremely high adjusted coefficients of determination ( R adj ) 2  ~ 1.0000. While nonlinear Langmuir model gave relatively high ( R adj ) 2 (0.9898–0.9960) and acceptable error functions, we found the considerable difference of error functions and parameters among four types of linear Langmuir (Types I, II, III, IV). The findings indicate potential errors as selecting one of linearized Langmuir types in equilibrium study. It is suggested that nonlinear models should be applied for better fitness.

Euphorbia tirucalli is a medicine plant possessing many bioactive properties. This paper focused on phytochemical screening (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and anthraquinone), quantification of polyphenol and flavonoids, and activating evaluation of antioxidants and antimicrobial properties against Xanthomonas axonopodis of different extracts from Euphorbia tirucalli grown in Binh Thuan, Vietnam. The best activity fraction was used for purification and determining bioactive ingredients. The results showed that the phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the ethyl acetate fraction. Saponin and anthraquinone did not present in all extracts. The content of polyphenol and flavonoid of Euphorbia tirucalli stem was in the range of 16.65–106.32 mg EqAG/g and 97.97–450.83 μg QE/g. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher amounts of polyphenol and flavonoids and antimicrobial activity against X. axonopodis than other fractions. The antioxidant (SC50) activity of Euphorbia tirucalli stem was in the range of 12.91 ± 0.70 and 528.33 ± 25.15 μg/mL. At concentrations of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/mL, the diameter of inhibition of the ethyl acetate fraction was 14.33 ± 0.76 mm and 17.87 ± 0.57 mm, respectively. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) was 0.156 mg/mL. Scopoletin, gallic acid, and piperic acid got MICs corresponding to 78, 312, and 312 μg/mL, respectively. Scopoletin, gallic acid, and piperic acid were found in the ethyl acetate fraction of Euphorbia tirucalli and exhibited the treatment of citrus bacteria canker and plant diseases.

This study explores the innovative use of ultrasound technology in the production of fruit‐based ice creams, focusing on dragon fruit ( Hylocereus spp.) and banana ( Musa spp.) as primary ingredients. With growing consumer demand for nutritious, natural, and sensory‐rich frozen desserts, traditional ice cream production methods often fail to address challenges such as ice crystallization, texture inconsistency, and nutrient degradation. The novelty of this research lies in the application of ultrasound processing to enhance the physicochemical properties of ice cream, including emulsification, ice crystal formation, and nutrient retention, particularly the preservation of sensitive compounds like vitamin C and polyphenols in tropical fruits. Ultrasound waves induce cavitation, which improves the emulsification of fat, reduces ice crystal size, and helps maintain the nutritional integrity of the fruits. The study presents a comprehensive examination of how ultrasonic power, treatment time, and temperature impact the viscosity, texture, and nutritional quality of the final product. By systematically varying ultrasonic power, time, and temperature in a dual tropical fruit dairy matrix (dragon fruit + banana), this study connects cavitation‐driven microstructural changes (fat globule breakup, finer ice crystals) with rheology–microstructure–nutrient outcomes in a single framework. The novelty lies in applying ultrasound to stabilize a high‐water, pectin‐ and fiber‐rich fruit system while concurrently tracking vitamin C and total phenolics—two labile nutrient classes that typically degrade during freezing and shear. Results delineate a practical processing window that improves viscosity and dispersion while acknowledging nutrient trade‐offs at higher powers.

In this study, we prepared the exfoliated graphite (EG) using microwave-assisted exfoliation synthesis exfoliated graphite from the inexpensive natural Vietnamese graphite flakes as the precursors. The exfoliation of graphite was conducted employing intercalation method using H2O2 as oxidizing agent and H2SO4 as intercalating agent. The influent of the precursors (VH2O2/VH2SO4) (1.0/20 – 2.0/20), pH value of EG (1-6), time intercalation (70-120 min), microwave power (180-720 W), and time microwave (10-60 second) in the exfoliation volume of EG was investigated.

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is more frequently reported in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which may be associated with the presence of solid cell nests (SCNs) and focal PTC-like nuclear alterations in the thyroid gland. The point of this consideration was to assess the morphological and immunohistochemical features of SCNs and follicular epithelial changes in Vietnamese patients with HT. Materials and Methods: Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry were performed on 20 samples of HT patients who underwent thyroidectomy and were diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at Military Medical Hospital 103 from 6/2018 to 6/2019. The expression of five markers (P63, Calcitonin, TTF1, CK19 and HBME-1) in SCNs and follicular epithelial changes were evaluated. Results: Ninety per cent of samples had SCNs with an average of 10 SCNs per section. Only type 1 and type 4 SCNs were presented (85% and 55%, respectively) and all SCNs were composed of main cells (p63-positive). Fifteen of the 18 cases having SCNs possessed nuclear features of PTC. C-cell hyperplasia was found in one case with 20 clusters. All SCNs showed strong staining with CK19 and weak staining with HBME-1. Follicular epithelial changes were Hürthle cell metaplasia, PTC-like nuclear alterations, atypical solid nodules, papillary and glomerular-like forms (40%, 100%, 25% and 50%, respectively). Follicular cells of glomerular-like forms (new alteration) especially were positive with CK19 (2+ ~ 3+), HBME-1 (1+) and TTF1, while the components in these follicles were negative with CK19, HBME-1 and TTF1. Among PTC-like nuclear alterations, all the atypical solid nodules related to HT showed markers related to PTC and without SCNs. Conclusions: Increasing the number of SCNs, as well as PTC-like nuclear alterations of main cells in SCNs and follicular epithelial changes were co-expressed CK19 and HBME-1. Therefore, the need for HT management should be considered.

Moringa oleifera (MO) grows throughout most of the tropics and has several industrial and medicinal uses. Besides the various uses of the plant parts such as its leaves, seed kernels, roots, or stem barks, the twigs (MT) of this plant are usually regarded as excessive parts. Although there have been few studies conducted to determine the value of this plant part, in fact, its potential uses—especially the pharmaceutical effects—of this biomaterial remains an up-to-date topic for scientists to discover due to the lack of interest so far. This study aims to identify the optimized fractions of different solvents for the extraction of antioxidants, for xanthine oxidase inhibition agents, and for anti-microbial activities. The two most active fractions obtained by column chromatography were the Hexane-Ethyl Acetate elution at a 9:1 (E1) and 8:2 (E2) ratio, respectively. With regard to antioxidant activity, E1 and E2 displayed relatively high DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 87.7 and 99.0 µg/mL), which was only four times weaker than the control BHT (IC50 = 21.4 µg/mL). The highest inhibition activity against xanthine oxidase was also observed clearly in E1 and E2, which showed relatively low IC50 (54.7 and 42.0 µg/mL, respectively). These levels were inconsiderably higher than that of the positive control (IC50 = 20.8 µg/mL), proving that E1 and E2 exerted relatively strong antioxidant activity in terms of XOD inhibition. Regarding the antimicrobial test, E2 showed the highest inhibition activities against E. coli, K. pneumoiae, L. monocytogenes, B. subtilis, and P. mirabilis. The result indicates that (1) E1 and E2 were the strongest fractions for constraining free radical agents and several bacteria, and thus, (2) Moringa oleifera twigs are also a potential source for the prevention of gout-related symptoms.

This study investigated the influence of the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) addition on several quality indicators of soursop juice, including pH, dissolved solids, Lab* criteria, vitamin C, total plate count (TPC) content, microbiology, and sensory qualities. The content of CMC was allowed to vary from 0.01-0.05 to 0.2% under sonication. The addition of CMC seemed to induce color changes, with total difference color (TDC) being proportionally related to CMC content. Oxidant resistance in fresh samples was 0.62 ± 0.04 mg GAE / mL and then increased at 0.05% CMC. A similar trend was also observed with the vitamin C values of the product. Visual qualities of the product were evaluated with a focus on appearance, color, and flavor with descriptive terms in a typical white liquid and odorless. Comparison with ISO quality standard indicates that the final product met with microbiological requirements.

Soursop, due to its nutritional properties, is gaining attention in the food and beverage industry. Soursop nectar, as a beverage, provides vitamins, antioxidants, and energy. Studies on how additives could alter sensory properties of the product might satisfy the needs of consumers for products with better visual qualities. The mixing of Pectin (PT), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and xanthan gum (XG) directly affects the viscosity in the nectar. Optimization by response surface methodology showed that PT-CMC and XG-CMC interactions were significant at <0.05. The coefficient of determination of the model was high (R2 = 0.9847). The lowest viscosity of the soursop nectar was 70 mPa.s, achieved by following contents of additives: 0.01378% of PT, 0.0071963% of CMC and 0.0051443% of XG.

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a leafy plant that contains many nutrients and bioactive compounds such as chlorophyll, polyphenol with antioxidant activity. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method is a method that has the advantages of short extraction time, saving organic solvents and safe use. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence conditions of the microwave-assisted extraction on the chlorophyll, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of moringa leaves. The highest contents of these compounds in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were obtained as follows chlorophyll content 12.72 ± 0.17 μg/mL, polyphenol content 5.4 ± 0.09 g/L and antioxidant activity 2895.40 ± 67.38 μmol/L when extracted under conditions of solvent acetone 90°, solid to solvent ratio of 1:30, microwave power of 600W, microwave-assisted extraction time of 2 minutes.