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The production of safe foods with little or no artificial preservatives is one of the foremost leading challenges for food manufacturing industries because synthetic antimicrobial agents and chemical food additives can cause severe negative effects on human health. However, there is an ever-increasing interest by consumers towards natural sources that have been aroused recently, and this increased consumer demand for safe food products has forced the food industries to use natural herbal and plant origins preservatives instead of synthetic preservatives for the production of safe foods. Traditionally, essential oils (EOs) obtained from numerous plant sources have been extensively encouraged for their putative health-promoting biological activities. The EOs are composed of complex mixtures encompassing copious individual compounds, which have been extracted by many methods. These diverse compounds display significant biological activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial through different mechanisms. Nevertheless, their poor solubility in water, oxidation susceptibility, and volatility limit their use. To overcome these constraints, encapsulation is one of the best approaches to preserve the biological activities of EOs and minimize their effects on food sensory qualities. Herein, we have comprehensively enlightened the micro/nanoemulsion loaded with EOs to improve the physical—chemical and microbiological stability of various EOs, and further application of these EOs loaded systems in the food systems. This review confers the importance of EOs in terms of their main components, chemical and biological properties, including mode of action, effectiveness, synergistic effects as antimicrobials, and potential applications in the food system as a preservative.

Prior to this study, Myanmar was known to host 15 species of snakehead fishes (genus Channa) distributed across Southeast Asia. The region, characterized by its confluence of diverse river systems and two biodiversity hotspots, is presumed to have notable gaps in its biodiversity assessments. Recently, a new snakehead species, Channa shingon, was discovered in China, with its potential distribution in Myanmar warranting further investigation. This study focused on exploring Channa species in Kachin State and examined collected specimens using an integrated approach. The specimens were identified as C. shingon based on their distinct morphological characters, with a maximum standard length of 99.2 mm. Additionally, mitochondrial COI sequence data were generated, and species confirmation was achieved through nucleotide BLAST searches, genetic distance estimations, and phylogenetic analyses. The DNA sequences of C. shingon showed a mean inter-species genetic distance of 7.97% to 27.41% compared with other Channa species in the dataset, while the intra-species genetic distance between the Burmese and Chinese populations was 0.27%. Both Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses distinctly separated C. shingon from other congeners through a monophyletic clustering pattern, revealing its sister relationship with C. rubora. Overall, this study provides the first report of C. shingon from Myanmar and suggests its speciation from a common ancestor with C. rubora, likely driven by geographical barriers such as the Irrawaddy River. Furthermore, the study contributes a robust DNA barcode dataset encompassing 85.7% of the global Channa species diversity, which can serve as a valuable resource for further species identification, discovery, and diversity assessments of snakeheads from South and Southeast Asia.