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\"This exhibition examines one of the most significant artistic dialogues in modern art history: the close and sometimes tumultuous relationship between Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas. Born only two years apart, Manet (1832-1883) and Degas (1834-1917) were friends, rivals, and, at times, antagonists who worked to define modern painting in France. By examining their careers in parallel and presenting their work side by side, this exhibition investigates how their artistic objectives and approaches both overlapped and diverged. Through more than 150 paintings and works on paper, Manet/Degas takes a fresh look at the interactions of these two artists in the context of the family relationships, friendships, and intellectual circles that influenced their artistic and professional choices, deepening our understanding of a key moment in nineteenth-century French painting. The exhibition is made possible by Alice Cary Brown and W.L. Lyons Brown, the Sherman Fairchild Foundation, and Harry and Linda Fath. Additional support is provided by the Janice H. Levin Fund, the Gail and Parker Gilbert Fund, The Sam and Janet Salz Trust, and Rosalind and Kenneth Landis. It is organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Musées d'Orsay et de l'Orangerie, Paris. This exhibition is supported by an indemnity from the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities. The catalogue is made possible by Gregory Annenberg Weingarten, GRoW @ Annenberg. Additional support is provided by Anonymous, Robert M. Buxton, Elizabeth Marsteller Gordon, and Claude Wasserstein.\" Metropolitan Museum of Art website. https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/manet-degas

Low-income college students face costly moral choices between pursuing their personal academic success and fulfilling their family responsibilities. They almost certainly face these choices more frequently and at a greater personal cost than many of their faculty recognize. This article explores the sources and nature of that professorial blind spot. This article argues that this moral blind spot results from the fact that middle-class people and low-income people practice family in markedly different ways. They uphold different moral norms (independence vs. mutual aid) which shape the qualitative nature of college students’ obligations within their families. They also tend to utilize different family structures (nuclear vs. complex and extended) which create quantitative differences in the number of people to whom family responsibilities can attach. The paper ends with a practical implications section that discusses ways to address this moral blind spot so instructors can more effectively collaborate with students as they navigate conflicts between family and academic responsibilities.

Chemistry drives many biological interactions between the microbiota and host animals, yet it is often challenging to identify the chemicals involved. This poses a problem, as such small molecules are excellent sources of potential pharmaceuticals, pretested by nature for animal compatibility. We discovered anti-HIV compounds from small, marine tunicates from the Eastern Fields of Papua New Guinea. Tunicates are a reservoir for new bioactive chemicals, yet their small size often impedes identification or even detection of the chemicals within. We solved this problem by combining chemistry, metagenomics, and synthetic biology to directly identify and synthesize the natural products. We show that these anti-HIV compounds, the divamides, are a novel family of lanthipeptides produced by symbiotic bacteria living in the tunicate. Neighboring animal colonies contain structurally related divamides that differ starkly in their biological properties, suggesting a role for biosynthetic plasticity in a native context wherein biological interactions take place.

The East Antarctic ice sheet is considered to be largely insensitive to temperature changes in the Southern Ocean. Marine sediment records indicate the East Antarctic ice sheet repeatedly retreated by several hundred kilometres during intervals of Pliocene warmth. Warm intervals within the Pliocene epoch (5.33–2.58 million years ago) were characterized by global temperatures comparable to those predicted for the end of this century 1 and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations similar to today 2 , 3 , 4 . Estimates for global sea level highstands during these times 5 imply possible retreat of the East Antarctic ice sheet, but ice-proximal evidence from the Antarctic margin is scarce. Here we present new data from Pliocene marine sediments recovered offshore of Adélie Land, East Antarctica, that reveal dynamic behaviour of the East Antarctic ice sheet in the vicinity of the low-lying Wilkes Subglacial Basin during times of past climatic warmth. Sedimentary sequences deposited between 5.3 and 3.3 million years ago indicate increases in Southern Ocean surface water productivity, associated with elevated circum-Antarctic temperatures. The geochemical provenance of detrital material deposited during these warm intervals suggests active erosion of continental bedrock from within the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, an area today buried beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet. We interpret this erosion to be associated with retreat of the ice sheet margin several hundreds of kilometres inland and conclude that the East Antarctic ice sheet was sensitive to climatic warmth during the Pliocene.

The cyanobactin prenyltransferases catalyze a series of known or unprecedented reactions onmillions of different substrates, with no easily observable recognition motif and exquisite regioselectivity. Here we define the basis of broad substrate tolerance for the otherwise uncharacterized TruF family. We determined the structures of the Tyr-prenylating enzyme PagF, in complex with an isoprenoid donor analog and a panel of linear and macrocyclic peptide substrates. Unexpectedly, the structures reveal a truncated barrel fold, wherein binding of large peptide substrates is necessary to complete a solvent-exposed hydrophobic pocket to form the catalytically competent active site. Kinetic, mutational, chemical, and computational analyses revealed the structural basis of selectivity, showing a small motif within peptide substrates that is sufficient for recognition by the enzyme. Attaching this 2-residue motif to two randompeptides results in their isoprenylation by PagF, demonstrating utility as a general biocatalytic platform for modifications on any peptide substrate.

A multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) workshop convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 2015 identified acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and complications of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) as contributors to MODS in pediatric patients. Pulmonary dysfunction also remains a significant complication of allo-BMT. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) defines non-infectious, acute, lung injury that occurs post-transplant. Injury and activation to endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to each form of lung inflammation. Two murine models were employed. In an ARDS model, naïve B6 mice receive an intravenous (i.v.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the established model of IPS, naïve B6D2F1 mice receive lethal total body irradiation followed by BMT from either allogeneic (B6) or syngeneic (B6D2F1) donors. Lung inflammation was subsequently assessed in each scenario. Intravenous injection of LPS to B6 mice resulted in enhanced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-6, Ang-2, E-, and P-selectin in whole lung homogenates. The expression of Ang-2 in this context is regulated in part by TNFα. Additionally, EC activation was associated with increased total protein and cellularity in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Similar findings were noted during the development of experimental IPS. We hypothesized that interventions maintaining EC integrity would reduce the severity of ARDS and IPS. Defibrotide (DF) is FDA approved for the treatment of BMT patients with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and renal or pulmonary dysfunction. DF stabilizes activated ECs and protect them from further injury. Intravenous administration of DF before and after LPS injection significantly reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL6, Ang-2, E-, and P-selectin compared to controls. BALF showed decreased cellularity, reflecting less EC damage and leak. Allogeneic BMT mice were treated from day -1 through day 14 with DF intraperitoneally, and lungs were harvested at 3 weeks. Compared to controls, DF treatment reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL6, Ang-2, E-, and P- selectin, BALF cellularity, and lung histopathology. The administration of DF modulates EC injury in models of ARDS and IPS. Cytokine inhibition in combination with agents that stabilize EC integrity may be an attractive strategy for patients in each setting.

A conventional metabolic pathway leads to a specific product. In stark contrast, there are diversity-generating metabolic pathways that naturally produce different chemicals, sometimes of great diversity. We demonstrate that for one such pathway, tru, each ensuing metabolic step is slower, in parallel with the increasing potential chemical divergence generated as the pathway proceeds. Intermediates are long lived and accumulate progressively, in contrast with conventional metabolic pathways, in which the first step is rate-limiting and metabolic intermediates are short-lived. Understanding these fundamental differences enables several different practical applications, such as combinatorial biosynthesis, some of which we demonstrate here. We propose that these principles may provide a unifying framework underlying diversity-generating metabolism in many different biosynthetic pathways.

Swine production work is a risk factor for nasal carriage of livestock-associated (LA-) Staphylococcus aureus and also for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). However, whether LA-S. aureus nasal carriage is associated with increased risk of SSTI remains unclear. We aimed to examine S. aureus nasal carriage and recent (≤3 months prior to enrollment) SSTI symptoms among industrial hog operation (IHO) workers and their household contacts. IHO workers and their household contacts provided a nasal swab and responded to a questionnaire assessing self-reported personal and occupational exposures and recent SSTI symptoms. Nasal swabs were analyzed for S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant-S. aureus (MDRSA), absence of scn (livestock association), and spa type. S. aureus with at least one indicator of LA was observed among 19% of 103 IHO workers and 6% of 80 household members. Prevalence of recent SSTI was 6% among IHO workers and 11% among 54 minor household members (0/26 adult household members reported SSTI). Among IHO workers, nasal carriers of MDRSA and scn-negative S. aureus were 8.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 43.9) and 5.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 22.2) times as likely to report recent SSTI as non-carriers, respectively. In one household, both an IHO worker and child reported recent SSTI and carried the same S. aureus spa type (t4976) intranasally. Prevalence of scn-negative S. aureus (PR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 21.4) was elevated among IHO workers who reported never versus always wearing a face mask at work. Although few SSTI were reported, this study of IHO workers and their household contacts is the first to characterize a relation between nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant LA-S. aureus and SSTI. The direction and temporality of this relation and IHO workers' use of face masks to prevent nasal carriage of these bacteria warrant further investigation.

In 2014, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) announced that they would embark on the revision of their Enterprise Risk Management—Integrated Framework (2004). After 2 years of deliberations and a 6-month evaluation period, COSO has finally released its Enterprise Risk Management: Integrating Strategy and Performance on September 6, 2017. One of the primary issues that arose after the release of the original Framework was the awareness that organizations have failed to adopt an integrated treatment of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and strategic planning, termed Strategic Risk Management (SRM). This is especially troubling as the benefits of SRM have been recognized by academics, practitioners, and regulators. The new Framework takes significant steps to promote a mind shift, or paradigm change, to a more integrative approach to ERM and strategic planning. Pierce and Goldstein, in their previous work (in: 14th global conference on business and economics, Oxford, UK, 1–2 October, 2016), highlighted language and diagrams in the original Framework that may have led to the siloed treatment of both processes. In this paper, we examine changes in the new Framework to determine whether they sufficiently address these changes in order to move organizations more toward Strategic Risk Management.