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Evaluation of design can become very complex. The interior designer usually begins with spaces designed by others, often long ago, possibly for purposes quite different from those the designer must now satisfy. The client may be an owner, a developer or a corporation creating space to sell to others or to serve users who have no direct relationship with the designer. The elements that make up the interior - its materials, furnishings and details - are often designed by others, chosen from among the products available from manufacturers who have no awareness of the project in hand. The finished space, when put into use, may have to serve for years that stretch ahead into times when conditions will change and new generations of users will take over, bringing requirements that may well be different from anything that can be foreseen while design development is in process. Ideally, interior design planning should begin along with the architectural planning of fixed elements. This is possible when the interior designer is part of the design process from the beginning. It can also occur when the given architectural space is open and clear, as in lofts and office space rented without preexisting partitions. Most houses and apartments are built from plans made before the owner or occupant, much less the interior designer, has any input. By having a house custom-built, the owner can influence the architect and participate in the planning process and can also bring the interior designer into the process. 1) PHOTO BY GRANT MUDFORD, COURTESY HOUSE & GARDEN-Elegance and reserve, hallmarks of the work of interior designer Andree Putman, are evident in this living area of a San Francisco apartment. 2) PHOTOGRAPH BY ALAN KARCHMER, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED-Active forms and textures, together with luxurious lounge seating, make this area of a New Orleans bank memorable. 3) Cover Color Photo by Chris Mead, from Mary Emmerling's \"American Country Diary,\" Workman Publishing-Birds-in-Air quilt hangs on the wall in place of a headboard, and an eight-point star quilt covers the bed; HEART OF THE COUNTRY. Cover Color Photo by Chris Mead, from Mary Emmerling's \"American Country Diary,\" Workman Publishing-Birds-in-Air quilt hangs on the wall in place of a headboard, and an eight-point star quilt covers the bed

IN OUR modern, technological world, most of us spend a major part of our lives indoors. In the nature of things, home means an indoor place--a room, an apartment, a house, a mobile home, even a trailer or a van. We study in schools and colleges, eat in restaurants, work in shops, factories or...

In discussions of seat-belt laws, air bags and other approaches to improved automobile safety, one available and simple solution always seems to be ignored. Seat belts are cheap and would be effective if people used them. People don't use them, law or no, because they are a nuisance, particularly when driving errands with many stops a few minutes apart -- one of the most common sorts of driving.

Crohn Disease (CD) is a complex genetic disorder for which more than 140 genes have been identified using genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, the genetic architecture of the trait remains largely unknown. The recent development of machine learning (ML) approaches incited us to apply them to classify healthy and diseased people according to their genomic information. The Immunochip dataset containing 18,227 CD patients and 34,050 healthy controls enrolled and genotyped by the international Inflammatory Bowel Disease genetic consortium (IIBDGC) has been re-analyzed using a set of ML methods: penalized logistic regression (LR), gradient boosted trees (GBT) and artificial neural networks (NN). The main score used to compare the methods was the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) statistics. The impact of quality control (QC), imputing and coding methods on LR results showed that QC methods and imputation of missing genotypes may artificially increase the scores. At the opposite, neither the patient/control ratio nor marker preselection or coding strategies significantly affected the results. LR methods, including Lasso, Ridge and ElasticNet provided similar results with a maximum AUC of 0.80. GBT methods like XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost, together with dense NN with one or more hidden layers, provided similar AUC values, suggesting limited epistatic effects in the genetic architecture of the trait. ML methods detected near all the genetic variants previously identified by GWAS among the best predictors plus additional predictors with lower effects. The robustness and complementarity of the different methods are also studied. Compared to LR, non-linear models such as GBT or NN may provide robust complementary approaches to identify and classify genetic markers.

Drilling ventures can improve their potential to reduce costs and accelerate production by 12%-30%, when alliances are executed properly and partners have a full understanding of true integration. Many companies enter alliances without a full grasp of the economic potential such a relationship might offer. Many alliances rely too heavily on relationship issues and commercial terms instead of focusing on integrating their technical processes successfully. Process-driven alliance is the term adopted by a new Gas Research Institute report prepared by OGCI Management to represent a fundamentally different way to plan, execute, and evaluate drilling projects. PDA is much more than a change in commercial terms between organizations. Instead, PDAs are the result of 2 or more parties that enter into an agreement with a common set of objectives which, through joint planning, execution, and evaluation, provide economic benefits to all concerned - often without regard for corporate boundaries.