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Whey, a component of milk and a useful by-product of the dairy industry’s casein and cheese-making, has been used for generations to augment animal feed. It contains a range of proteins, including α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, heavy and light chain immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, and lactoperoxidase. Whey proteins exhibit great potential as biopolymers for creating bioactive delivery systems owing to their distinct health-enhancing characteristics and the presence of numerous amino acid groups within their structures. Whey has considerable factors such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiviral, and antibacterial properties in addition to chelating. The global market of whey protein stood at USD 5.33 billion in 2021, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 10.48% spanning the interval from 2022 to 2030. The escalating demand for whey protein is intrinsically linked to the amplifying consciousness surrounding healthy lifestyles. Notably, protein supplements are recurrently endorsed by fitness and sports establishments, thereby accentuating the focal point of customers toward whey protein. This review focuses on nutritional composition, whey bioactives, and their bioavailability with potential health benefits.

Purpose Engineers and scientists are searching for novel materials with high performance on all aspect points of view for the applications including marine, aero and automobile fields. AA8090 aluminum alloy is one of the materials used in aero industries for aircraft construction because of its weight reduction ability. However, the AA8090 alloy has a drawback such as low wear resistance that affects the life time of material; hence, it should be addressed. The purpose of this investigation is to improve the wear resistance of AA8090 alloy. Design/methodology/approach In this investigation, AA8090 aluminum alloy metal matrix composite was fabricated using different types of carbide nanoparticles such as vanadium carbide (VC), Cr3C2 and Mo2C by stir casting method and tribological and mechanical behaviors were studied. Findings Mechanical studies showed that the S1 sample displayed the maximum hardness of 142 HV and maximum tensile strength of 857 MPa because of the inclusion of hard VC particles. Tribological studies revealed that S1 sample showed high performance. A least wear rate of 0.003915 × 10–3 mm3/m was noted for S1 sample, which is 71% lower than the wear rate of S0 sample. Further, a least mass loss and lower coefficient of friction of 0.00152 g and 0.2, respectively, were observed for S1 sample because of its high hardness and high wear resistance because of the stuffing of high-hardness VC particles. Hence, it is concluded from this study that S1 sample, i.e. AA8090/VC, could be a better candidate for aerospace applications as it showed good tribological and mechanical properties. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is original and novel in the field of metal matrix composite which deals with the effect of hybridization on the wear performance of the aluminum alloy composites.

The performance of prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor utilizing new sensing configuration composed of thin metallic (Al–Au) film coated with a thin layer of BaTiO 3 is investigated theoretically based on angular interrogation method. It is observed that optimizing the thickness of bimetallic (Al–Au) and BaTiO 3 layers, the sensitivity of the sensor improved greatly and still can maintain its minimum reflectivity and linewidth of the SPR reflectivity curve. We also observed addition of dual layer of graphene on BaTiO 3 further enhanced the sensitivity. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is found to be 227 deg/RIU, and the FWHM of resonance curve is observed to be 4.47 deg for the thickness of 28 nm of Al, 8 nm of Au and 10 nm of BaTiO 3 added with double layer of graphene.

Background The cryptic nature of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) larvae enables its reduced vulnerability to insecticidal control. Further, the development of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins posed a serious threat to transgenic cotton cultivation. This necessitated determining the critical timing of spray applications on the control effectiveness. This study assessed the influence of egg age (freshly laid vs . three-day-old) and the location of larvae (directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind vs . burrowed inside the bolls) on insecticide control efficacy. Results The results revealed a significant decrease in the ovicidal activity of tested insecticides with an increase in the age of eggs from one day old to three days old (paired t -test, P  < 0.05). The larvae directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptible (> 80% mortality) than the larvae exposed after they had burrowed inside the bolls (< 49% mortality). The inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biology were more pronounced in the experiment on pre-larval release insecticide treatment compared with insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bolls. Conclusion Egg age influences the insecticide susceptibility, as does the larval location, directly exposed vs burrowed inside the bolls. Older eggs and the larvae that had burrowed inside the green bolls of cotton were relatively less susceptible to the insecticide treatments. The toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stages were primarily ephemeral. These findings are significant for devising a comprehensive strategy for pink bollworm management on a sustainable basis.

Increasing number of privately owned vehicles are depicting Malaysians preferred mode of mobility and lack of interest in the public transport system. In most developing countries such as Malaysia, motorized vehicles are the major contributors to air pollution in urban zones. Air pollution is a silent killer as it infiltrates the vital organs, leading to serious diseases and death. This research critically analyses the emissions of air pollutants such as CO, NO2, SO2, hydrocarbon, and PM from various sources in Malaysia with emphasis mainly on the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles. This research also discusses the public transport initiatives undertaken by the government of Malaysia such as enhancing the bus and rail system, transforming Malaysia's taxi system, managing travel demand and enhancing the integration of urban public transport system. Furthermore, considering the smart cities initiatives, this research identified that weather, safety, security and inappropriate infrastructure are major barriers in Malaysia's move towards the implementation of smart and eco-friendly mobility practices such as cycling, carpooling and car sharing.

AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for ocular surface reconstruction. METHODS 10 consecutive patients who underwent AMT were included. The indications were: group A, cases with persistent epithelial defect after corneal abscess (n=1), radiation (n=1), or chemical burn (n=3); group B, cases with epithelial defect and severe stromal thinning and impending or recent perforation, due to chemical burn (two patients, three eyes) or corneal abscess (n=2); group C, to promote corneal epithelium healing and prevent scarring after symblepharon surgery with extensive corneo-conjunctival adhesion (n=1). Under sterile conditions amniotic membrane was prepared from a fresh placenta of a seronegative pregnant woman and stored at −70°C. This technique involved the use of amniotic membrane to cover the entire cornea and perilimbal area in groups A and B, and the epithelial defect only in group C. RESULTS The cornea healed satisfactorily in four of five patients in group A, but the epithelial defect recurred in one of these patients. After AMT three patients underwent limbal transplantation and one penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction. In group B amniotic membrane transplantation was not helpful, and all cases underwent an urgent tectonic corneal graft. Surgery successfully released the symblepharon, promoted epithelialisation and prevented adhesions in the case of group C. CONCLUSION AMT was effective to promote corneal healing in patients with persistent epithelial defect, and appeared to be helpful after surgery to release corneo-conjunctival adhesion. Most cases required further surgery for visual and ocular surface rehabilitation. Amniotic membrane used as a patch was not effective to prevent tectonic corneal graft in cases with severe stromal thinning and impending or recent perforation.

Applied Element Method (AEM) is a relatively new method for structural analysis developed by Kimiro Meguro and Hatem Tagel Din in 1997. It can capture the behavior of structure up to failure. In this method, structure is discretized into rigid elements connected by springs. The stiffness matrix of the structure consists of that of springs only. Here, the method is used to find out the failure load and predict the crack propagation. Two methods are available to determine the crack pattern namely unloading-reloading method and residual force method. These approaches are used to maintain equilibrium during the process of cracking. In this paper, these methods are discussed and they are used for the analysis of plain concrete beams with different support conditions.

This paper studies the effect of Sb and Y additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ91 alloy. The results indicate that the Sb and Y additions lead to the formation of Mg 3 Sb 2 and Al 2 Y phases. These phases modify the morphology of the β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase, and hence refine the microstructure. The effects of Sb and Y additions on the aging behavior have also been investigated. Aging of the AZ91 alloy results in the formation of continuous and discontinuous types of precipitates. Whereas Sb and Y additions to AZ91 alloy suppresses the formation of discontinuous precipitate. The paper also reports the mechanical properties of as-cast and aged Sb-added AZ91-xY alloys for room and high temperatures. The optimum tensile properties are obtained with the alloy having the combined addition of 0.5 wt pct Sb and 0.6 wt pct Y. The fracture surface of AZ91-0.5Sb-0.6Y alloy reveals more quasi-cleavage type of failure with a cleavage fracture than the base alloy. At HT, the AZ91-0.5Sb-0.6Y alloy displays more cleavage facets connected with tearing ridges and shallow dimples than AZ91 alloy. Furthermore, it observed the improvement in wear resistance through the addition of Y. The worn surface reveals abrasion, oxidation, delamination, and plastic deformation wear mechanisms.

The effect of Si (individual and combined) with 0.2 pct Sb additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of permanent mold AZ91 alloy has been studied. The results indicate that Si addition introduces a Chinese script Mg^sub 2^Si phase at the grain boundary along with the Mg^sub 17^Al^sub 12^ -β phase and reduces ductility and strength of the alloy both at room and high temperatures. A small amount of Sb addition modifies the Mg^sub 2^Si phase besides distributing it evenly along the grain boundary. Improved room- and high-temperature mechanical properties are observed in Sb added AZ91 + xSi alloys. However, maximum properties are noticed with the alloy having the combined addition of 0.2 silicon and antimony. Fractograpy of tensile- and impact-tested AZ91 alloy shows cleavage and brittle type of failure. Addition of Si reduces the quasi-cleavage planes, whereas Sb addition increases it while also increasing the plastic zone. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Applied Element Method (AEM) is an efficient tool for analysing structures numerically. It has a few benefits when conventional methods are concerned. In conventional numerical methods, node-to-node connection is important. Hence, when elements of different sizes are to be connected, transition elements will have to be used. In AEM, rigid elements are connected to each other with the help of springs. Therefore, node-to-node connection is not required. In this paper, some plane stress problems are analysed using AEM. For this, two-dimensional (2D) element is made use of. Continuous beam and 2D frame are analysed using AEM. The results show that AEM is able to analyse beams and frames accurately. Modal analysis of beam clamped on one end and hinged at the other end, gave accurate first natural frequency and mode shape. It was also possible to perform nonlinear analysis of cantilever beam accurately.