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The origin of the pentaradial body plan of echinoderms from a bilateral ancestor is one of the most enduring zoological puzzles 1 , 2 . Because echinoderms are defined by morphological novelty, even the most basic axial comparisons with their bilaterian relatives are problematic. To revisit this classical question, we used conserved anteroposterior axial molecular markers to determine whether the highly derived adult body plan of echinoderms masks underlying patterning similarities with other deuterostomes. We investigated the expression of a suite of conserved transcription factors with well-established roles in the establishment of anteroposterior polarity in deuterostomes 3 – 5 and other bilaterians 6 – 8 using RNA tomography and in situ hybridization in the sea star Patiria miniata . The relative spatial expression of these markers in P. miniata ambulacral ectoderm shows similarity with other deuterostomes, with the midline of each ray representing the most anterior territory and the most lateral parts exhibiting a more posterior identity. Strikingly, there is no ectodermal territory in the sea star that expresses the characteristic bilaterian trunk genetic patterning programme. This finding suggests that from the perspective of ectoderm patterning, echinoderms are mostly head-like animals and provides a developmental rationale for the re-evaluation of the events that led to the evolution of the derived adult body plan of echinoderms. RNA tomography and in situ hybridization in echinoderms suggest a new ambulacral-anterior model to relate echinoderm pentaradial symmetry to the ancestral bilateral symmetry.

Chaque année en France, 1 850 enfants de moins de 15 ans et 450 adolescents de 15 à 17 ans déclarent un cancer, et 20 % de ces cancers pédiatriques restent incurables. Les jeunes peuvent alors être amenés à être accompagnés par une équipe de soins palliatifs pédiatriques, en collaboration étroite avec les services d'oncologie pédiatrique. Ces équipes ont entre autres pour mission de favoriser la poursuite de la scolarité du jeune, en milieu ordinaire lorsque cela est possible médicalement et souhaité par ce dernier. Or, très peu d'études se sont intéressées aux spécificités de la scolarisation en milieu ordinaire des jeunes en situation palliative ou de fin de vie. Cet état de l'art explore la littérature existante relative au vécu de ces jeunes, des familles et des professionnels, aux motivations de cette scolarité, aux pratiques existantes et aux difficultés rencontrées. Every year in France, 1,850 children under the age of 15 and 450 adolescents aged 15 to 17 develop cancer and 20% of these paediatric cancers remain incurable today. In these situations, young people can be accompanied by a pediatric palliative care team, in close collaboration with pediatric oncology services. One of the missions of these teams is to encourage the young person to continue his or her schooling, in a regular environment if medically possible and desired by the young person. However, very few studies have focused on the specificities of a regular schooling environment in a palliative or at the end-of-life situation. The aim of this state of the art is to explore existing literature regarding the experiences of these young people, their families, and the professionals, as well as the reasons, existing practices, and difficulties behind regular schooling in this situation.

Introduction: French Polynesia has one of the highest cannabis use prevalences among French territories, particularly starting in adolescence. Difficulties in emotional competency are major factors contributing to the development and maintenance of cannabis use disorder. Therefore, a French prevention program targeting these competencies was adapted to the Polynesian sociocultural context. Objectives: This quantitative and longitudinal study evaluates the impact of the program on cannabis consumption and emotional competencies among Polynesian middle and high school students, specifically based on their levels of cannabis use. Methods: This study used repeated measures (pre- and 3-month post-program) with standardized questionnaires. Classes were randomized into two groups (program participation/control group), with 231 students included (57.8% girls, mean age 15.0 ± 0.77). Results: The Kusa program positively impacted non-users and low-users by improving emotional acceptance, awareness, verbalization, impulse control and reducing emotional intensity. Participants also demonstrated shifts in their cannabis use habits, with a larger proportion of participants reporting generally not consuming cannabis during the day, after the program. Frequent-users did not show significant changes in cannabis consumption but did exhibit increased emotional verbalization and awareness of emotional regulation difficulties. Discussion: The prevention program showed promising results in enhancing emotional competencies and potentially influencing cannabis consumption. These findings underscore the program’s benefits and support broader implementation in school settings.

The origin of the pentaradial body plan of echinoderms from a bilateral ancestor is one of the most enduring zoological puzzles. Since echinoderms are defined by morphological novelty, even the most basic axial comparisons with their bilaterian relatives are problematic. Here, we used conserved antero-posterior (AP) axial molecular markers to determine whether the highly derived adult body plan of echinoderms masks underlying patterning similarities with other deuterostomes. To revisit this classical question, we used RNA tomography and in situ hybridizations in the sea star Patiria miniata to investigate the expression of a suite of conserved transcription factors with well-established roles in the establishment of AP polarity in bilaterians. We find that the relative spatial expression of these markers in P. miniata ambulacral ectoderm shows similarity with other deuterostomes, with the midline of each ray representing the most anterior territory and the most lateral parts exhibiting a more posterior identity. Interestingly, there is no ectodermal territory in the sea star that expresses the characteristic bilaterian trunk genetic patterning program. This suggests that from the perspective of ectoderm patterning, echinoderms are mostly head-like animals, and prompts a reinterpretation of the evolutionary trends that made echinoderms the most derived animal group.Competing Interest StatementP.P. and D.R.R. are employees and shareholders of Pacific Biosciences.

Abstract Background Multiple cytological patterns occur in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Only few data on BALF cytokine profiles are available for horses with IAD, and are limited to mRNA expression. Hypothesis/Objective Cytological profiles of IAD are associated with different BALF immunological pathways. To investigate BALF cytokine concentrations in a large number of horses with neutrophilic IAD. Animals One hundred and thirty-eight client-owned Standardbred racehorses in active training. Methods Prospective observational study. BALF samples were obtained from left and right lungs. Interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations were determined by ELISA. Results Fourteen horses had normal BALF cytological profiles and 56 exhibited evidence of bilateral neutrophilic IAD. Twenty-four horses showed BALF with, respectively, IAD- and CTL consistent cytology and were excluded; as were 44 horses because of evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. TNF-α (56 ± 115 pg/mL; P = .034) and IFN-γ concentrations (104 ± 247 pg/mL; P = .044) were significantly higher for IAD horses, compared with controls (respectively 19 ± 41 and 80 ± 116 pg/mL). Horses with ‘neutrophil’ subtype had significantly higher IFN-γ concentrations (110 ± 154 pg/mL), than ‘neutrophil/metachromatic’ (56 ± 54 pg/mL; P = .028) and ‘neutrophil/metachromatic/eosinophil’ subtypes (44 ± 23 pg/mL; P = .012). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cytokine concentrations in BALF suggested that neutrophilic IAD is associated with activation of the innate immune system and a possible T-helper (Th)-1 polarized response. This study also suggested that immunological pathways vary according to cytological IAD subtypes.

The thalamus has a key role in mediating cortical–subcortical interactions but is often neglected in neuroimaging studies, which mostly focus on changes in cortical structure and activity. One of the main reasons for the thalamus being overlooked is that the delineation of individual thalamic nuclei via neuroimaging remains controversial. Indeed, neuroimaging atlases vary substantially regarding which thalamic nuclei are included and how their delineations were established. Here, we review current and emerging methods for thalamic nuclei segmentation in neuroimaging data and consider the limitations of existing techniques in terms of their research and clinical applicability. We address these challenges by proposing a roadmap to improve thalamic nuclei segmentation in human neuroimaging and, in turn, harmonize research approaches and advance clinical applications. We believe that a collective effort is required to achieve this. We hope that this will ultimately lead to the thalamic nuclei being regarded as key brain regions in their own right and not (as often currently assumed) as simply a gateway between cortical and subcortical regions.The human thalamus comprises multiple nuclei with distinct connectivity patterns and anatomical features; however, current neuroimaging approaches have a limited capacity to delinate individual thalamic nuclei. Segobin and colleagues outline the challenges that this presents to our understanding of the function of these nuclei and propose a roadmap for the future of thalamic neuroimaging.