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Mastitis is a common and costly disease on dairy farms, commonly caused by Staphylococcus spp. though the various species are associated with different clinical outcomes. In the current study, we performed genomic analyses to determine the prevalence of adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes in 478 staphylococcal species isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases deposited in public databases. The most prevalent adhesin genes ( ebpS , atl , pls , sasH and sasF ) were found in both clinical and subclinical isolates. However, the ebpS gene was absent in subclinical isolates of Staphylococcus arlettae, S. succinus, S. sciuri, S. equorun, S. galinarum, and S. saprophyticus . In contrast, the coa , eap , emp, efb, and vWbp genes were present more frequently in clinical (vs. subclincal) mastitis isolates and were highly correlated with the presence of the biofim operon ( icaABCD ) and its transcriptional regulator, icaR . Co-phylogenetic analyses suggested that many of these adhesins, biofilm, and associated regulatory genes could have been horizontally disseminated between clinical and subclinical isolates. Our results further suggest that several adhesins, biofilm, and related regulatory genes, which have been overlooked in previous studies, may be of use for virulence profiling of mastitis-related Staphylococcus strains or as potential targets for vaccine development.

The BOL lectin, a 34 kDa protein with a hemagglutination titer of 64 hemagglutination units (HU), was extracted from cauliflower ( spp. L.), purified by affinity and ion exchange chromatography, and confirmed, in this study, by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antibiofilm activity of BOL was evaluated at two concentrations (0.1 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL) against bacterial strains of importance to human health ( ATCC 10876, ATCC 25922, ATCC 29213, and ATCC 12403). In addition to a biofilm formation assay, a pre-formed biofilm assay was conducted, with biofilm structure analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial potential of BOL was also investigated using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay in 96-well microplates. Among the tested bacterial strains, BOL exhibited activity against at 1.0 mg/mL, interfering with both biofilm formation and disrupting pre-formed biofilms, which may be explained by a possible interaction between BOL and the components present in the biofilm matrix. However, no antibiofilm activity was observed against , , or , possibly due to differences in the composition of their biofilm matrices. Furthermore, BOL showed no detectable bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity in the antimicrobial assays. In conclusion, BOL lectin, at the tested concentrations, does not exhibit direct antimicrobial activity but effectively disrupts the extracellular matrix in ATCC 29213.

Salmonella spp. are known to persist in the environment. Wild animals are believed to act as important reservoirs, with antimicrobial resistance frequently occurring in the environment. However, little is known about the role of the wildlife in Bahia as a reservoir for Salmonella in Brazil. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from wildlife in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes considering indicators such as the animal species, degree of anthropization, sampling area, and feeding habits. Convenience wildlife sampling and characterization were conducted, followed by microbiological and molecular identification of Salmonella isolates, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 674 fecal samples were collected from 12 municipalities during 2015–2021, and 4 were positive for the following Salmonella species: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona (n = 1), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serogroup O:16 (n = 2), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Muenchen (n = 1). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis revealed that one isolate was resistant to six antibiotics, including extended-spectrum penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors. These results indicated a low frequency of Salmonella spp. in the sampled forest fragments. The presence of Salmonella in wild animals increases the risk to public health and biodiversity and indicates that they can act as sentinels of environmental contamination or indicators of preservation.

Buffaloes and pigs play an important epidemiological roll in the Salmonella infection cycle, and asymptomatic animals can act as key component in the dissemination of the disease by horizontal, vertical, and cross-species transmission. Our study aimed and was able to confirm evidences of a cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona between asymptomatic buffaloes and pigs. Also, we described Salmonella infection within the pig production phases, involving serotypes Agona, Senftenberg and Schwarzengrund. Rectal samples were collected from Jafarabadi buffaloes ( n = 25) and Piau pigs ( n = 32), located on a single farm. Salmonella Agona was isolated from lactating buffaloes, gilts, pregnant sows, and weaned pigs, Salmonella Schwarzengrund from lactating sows and Salmonella Senftenberg from gilts, pregnant sows, lactating sows, and weaned pigs. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis protocol (PFGE) was performed and revealed four different profiles. Profile 1 ( Salmonella Agona), isolated from a pregnant sow, a gilt and two lactating buffaloes, revealed a indistinguishable PFGE pattern, confirming evidences of potential cross-species transmission. Profile 2 ( Salmonella Agona), 3 ( Salmonella Senftenberg), and 4 ( Salmonella Schwarzengrund), isolated from pigs, revealed important indistinguishable PFGE patterns, evidencing Salmonella infection within the pig production phases. Considering the epidemiological relevance of buffaloes and pigs in the cycle of Salmonella infection, confirmation of a potential cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona and potential Salmonella infection within the pig production phases highlights the importance of the correct establishment of preventive health strategies in farms, in special the importance of avoiding contact between buffaloes and pigs, since cross-species transmission can occur, increasing the risk of spreading the disease.

This study evaluated the possible role of wildlife in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes of Bahia, Brazil, as reservoirs of Salmonella. Very low frequencies (4/674 = 0.59%) of Salmonella infections and antibiotic resistance were observed. Thus, the findings of this study indicated that a wide variety of wildlife species do not carry Salmonella. This may be attributed to minimal human interference. Bacteria of potential public health concern were only detected in areas with high human interaction; therefore, we propose that Salmonella may be a good indicator of degradation in wildlife environments. Salmonella spp. are known to persist in the environment. Wild animals are believed to act as important reservoirs, with antimicrobial resistance frequently occurring in the environment. However, little is known about the role of the wildlife in Bahia as a reservoir for Salmonella in Brazil. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from wildlife in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes considering indicators such as the animal species, degree of anthropization, sampling area, and feeding habits. Convenience wildlife sampling and characterization were conducted, followed by microbiological and molecular identification of Salmonella isolates, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 674 fecal samples were collected from 12 municipalities during 2015–2021, and 4 were positive for the following Salmonella species: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Agona (n = 1), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serogroup O:16 (n = 2), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Muenchen (n = 1). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis revealed that one isolate was resistant to six antibiotics, including extended-spectrum penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors. These results indicated a low frequency of Salmonella spp. in the sampled forest fragments. The presence of Salmonella in wild animals increases the risk to public health and biodiversity and indicates that they can act as sentinels of environmental contamination or indicators of preservation.

Establishing of reference intervals (RI) for hematologic variables and blood serum acute phase proteins (APP) of healthy newborn buffaloes is an important tool for monitoring alterations during infection and inflammation. Considering the scarcity of published data on newborns, the aim of the study was to establish RI for hematologic variables and APP from healthy newborn buffaloes. Blood samples from 28 healthy Murrah buffalo calves, 10–30 days old, were selected to determine RI. Fourteen hematologic and four blood APP variables were analyzed. Before collection of blood samples, calves were subjected to physical examination (rectal temperature, degree of dehydration, and fecal consistency) and only calves that were considered healthy were included in the study. The Anderson-Darling test was used to assess normal distribution of values. The Dixon test and Tukey test were used to identify outliers. RI and 90% CI were determined using standard/robust methods and Box-Cox transformation. RI for variables analyzed were the following: (1) hematologic variables: RBC 7.5–12.9 × 10 6 /μL, HGB 10.6–19.0 g/dL, packed cell volume 33.1–54.8%, mean corpuscular volume 36.2–50.6 fL, mean corpuscular hemoglobin 12.1–17.3 pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 28.1–42.9 g/dL, platelets 361–1081 × 10 3 /μL, WBC 6.56–18.2 × 10 3 /μL, lymphocytes 4.15–12.8 × 10 3 /μL, segmented neutrophils 0.950–10.6 × 10 3 /μL, band neutrophils 0–0.160 × 10 3 /μL, monocytes 0–0.754 × 10 3 /μL, eosinophils 0–0.326 × 10 3 /μL, and basophils 0–0.149 × 10 3 /μL and (2) APP variables: fibrinogen 2.49-9.50 g/L, haptoglobin 0.02-0.56 g/L, serum amyloid A (SAA) 3.70-97.51 μg/mL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) 0.02-2.78  μg/mL. In conclusion, hematologic and acute phase protein RI have been documented and can be used as a physiologic database to help the interpretation of laboratory results of newborn buffaloes during infection and inflammation conditions.