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result(s) for
"Plese, Tinka"
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Molecular Phylogenetics of Bradypus (Three-Toed Sloth, Pilosa: Bradypodidae, Mammalia) and Phylogeography of Bradypus variegatus (Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloth) with Mitochondrial Gene Sequences
by
Shostell, Joseph Mark
,
Ruiz-García, Manuel
,
Plese, Tinka
in
Animal Genetics and Genomics
,
Anthropology
,
Biomedical and Life Sciences
2020
Xenarthra (sloths, anteaters, and armadillos) are the quintessential South American mammals. Among the xenarthrans, sloths constitute the most diverse paleontologically with almost 100 fossil genera recorded. However, this abundant sloth fauna in the Americas became extinct around 10,000 years ago. Only six species belonging to two genera,
Bradypus
(four three-toed sloth species) and
Choloepus
(two two-toed sloth species) are alive today in Central and South America.
Bradypus variegatus
is the sloth species with the widest geographical distribution in the Neotropics. Some regional population genetics have been reported, especially in Brazil, but with limited sample sizes. Herein, we sequenced 77 samples of
Bradypys variegatus
(Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; 65 new samples and 12 from GenBank), plus one
B. tridactylus
, one
B. pygmaeus
, and five
B. torquatus
(one new and four from GenBank) at the mitochondrial (mt) control region. Additionally, 25 of these samples, representing the four species, were sequenced for the entire mitochondrial genome. Our results indicate that there are at least six main genetically different haplogroups of
B. variegatus.
They are the trans-Andean, western Amazon (with some other internal groups), Tapajos River, Tocantins River, Negro River, and the Brazilian eastern Atlantic forest (with two recognizable sub-groups in northern and southern areas) ones, with the ancestor of the trans-Andean haplogroup the first to diverge. A very strong genetic heterogeneity and a striking spatial pattern were detected among these different geographical areas, with the trans-Andean, western Amazon, and Tocantins populations showing the highest levels of genetic diversity, meanwhile the Tapajos and the Brazilian eastern populations yielding lower levels of genetic diversity. The following conclusions were as follows: 1)
B. torquatus
should be considered as a different genus (
Scaeopus
) because of its extreme genetic differences from other
Bradypus
taxa as was previously claimed by other authors; 2)
B. pygmaeus
is not a recent species adapted to Holocene island environments from the Central America
B. variegatus
group; and 3) if we adopt a strict version of the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), the highly significant monophyletic clade of the trans-Andean
B. variegatus
population should be defined as a valid and differentiated species of three-toed sloth. However, we are reluctant to define this population as a new species until new data shows possible strong karyotype differences and/or pre- or post-zygote reproductive barriers (Biological Species Concept, BSC) between the trans and the cis-Andean populations of the three-toed brown-throated sloth.
Journal Article
The Impact of ‘Selfie’ Tourism on the Behaviour and Welfare of Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloths
by
D’Cruze, Neil
,
Machado, Fernando Carniel
,
Paterson, Suzanne
in
affective states
,
animal behavior
,
animal welfare
2018
The use of wild animals as photo props is prevalent across the globe and is widely recognised to represent a potential animal welfare concern. However, detailed information regarding the specific impacts of such activity on wild animal behaviour is currently lacking. Herein, we investigated how brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) were handled by tourists, and how sloths behaved during wildlife ‘selfies’ taken in Manaus, Brazil and Puerto Alegria and Iquitos in Peru. In total, we observed 17 sloths (during 70 focal observations) that were provided for use in wildlife selfies on 34 different tours. We found that an average number of 5 people held each sloth during each focal observation. For 48.6% of the time the sloths were handled in a way which involved physical manipulation of the sloths’ head and/or limbs and/or being held by the claws. From the eight different types of sloth behaviour observed, we found that the two types performed for the longest average duration of time were surveillance (55.3%) and limb stretching (12.6%). Our findings show that when being handled sloths were frequently held in ways that may compromise their welfare. Although to date the behaviour of sloths while being handled has not been reported in any published literature, in this study we document certain behaviours which may act as indicators of compromised welfare. We suggest that our data provides a potential baseline for future study into the behaviour and welfare of sloths.
Journal Article
Extracción de ADN usando métodos mínimamente invasivos en Xenarthra orden Pilosa, una contribución a su conservación
2022
Resumen Los Xenarthra son un grupo de mamíferos, de gran importancia histórica y ecológica, originados en Suramérica. La implementación de técnicas en genética molecular en estos animales está en aumento y para ello, los métodos de muestreo mínimamente invasivos son una herramienta exitosa para el monitoreo genético. En esta investigación se comparó la calidad y cantidad de ADN obtenido de sangre, tejidos, saliva, pelos y heces, usando dos kits comerciales: PrepFiler™ y GeneJET™. La concentración, pureza e integridad del ADN fueron evaluadas usando espectrofotometría y electroforesis. Se usó una ANOVA de dos factores mezclados y una prueba de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey para comparar los diferentes métodos de extracción de ADN y a través de las diferentes muestras biológicas. El mayor rendimiento de ADN fue obtenido para las muestras de tejido con el kit PrepFiler™, con una concentración media de 5,25 ng/uL, una pureza de 1,87 y una banda definida en la electroforesis. Sin embargo, no recomendamos el uso de estas muestras en animales vivos. El ADN obtenido de saliva con el kit PrepFiler™ ofreció resultados similares en términos de concentración (media 3,56 ng/uL), pureza de 1,85 e integridad; además, la prueba de comparación de Tukey mostró que no hay diferencias entre las muestras de saliva y sangre (p=0,01028); la obtención de muestras de saliva requiere menos intervención en los animales. Por esta razón, se concluye que la extracción de ADN usando el kit PrepFiler™ en muestras de saliva es la mejor opción para extracción de ADN de calidad en las especies estudiadas.
Journal Article
Extracción de ADN usando métodos mínimamente invasivos en Xenarthras, una contribución a su conservación
Los Xenartrhas son un grupo de mamíferos de gran importancia histórica y ecológica originados en sur América. La implementación de técnicas en genética molecular en estos animales está en aumento y para ello los métodos de muestreo mínimamente invasivos son una herramienta exitosa para el monitoreo genético.
En esta investigación se comparó la calidad y cantidad de ADN obtenido de sangre, tejidos, saliva, pelos y heces, usando dos kits comerciales: PrepFiler™ y GeneJET™. La concentración pureza e integridad del ADN fueron evaluados usando espectrofotometría y electroforesis. Una ANOVA de dos factores mezclados y una prueba de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey se uso para comparar los diferentes métodos de extracción de ADN y a través de las diferentes muestras biológicas.
El mayor rendimiento de ADN fue obtenido para las muestras de tejido con el kit PrepFiler™, con una concentración media 5,25 ng/uL, una pureza de 1,87, y una banda definida en la electroforesis. Sin embargo, no recomendamos el uso de estas muestras en animales vivos.
El ADN obtenido de saliva con el kit PrepFiler™ ofrece resultados similares en términos de concentración (media 3,56 ng/uL), pureza de 1,85 e integridad; además, la prueba de comparación de Tukey mostró que no hay diferencias entre las muestras de saliva y sangre (p=0,01028); la obtención de muestras de saliva requiere menos intervención en los animales. Por esta razón, se concluye que la extracción de ADN usando el kit PrepFiler™ en muestras de saliva es la mejor opción para extracción de ADN de calidad en Xenartrhas.
Journal Article
Extracción de ADN usando métodos mínimamente invasivos en Xenarthras orden Pilosa, una contribución a su conservación
by
Juliana Martínez-Garro
,
Pablo Andrés Guzmán-González
,
Yuly Marcela Salazar-Moscoso
in
bradypodidae
,
genética
,
integridad de adn
2021
Los Xenarthra son un grupo de mamíferos, de gran importancia histórica y ecológica, originados en Suramérica. La implementación de técnicas en genética molecular en estos animales está en aumento y para ello, losmétodos de muestreo mínimamente invasivos son una herramienta exitosa para el monitoreo genético. Enesta investigación se comparó la calidad y cantidad de ADN obtenido de sangre, tejidos, saliva, pelos y heces,usando dos kits comerciales: PrepFiler™ y GeneJET™. La concentración, pureza e integridad del ADN fueronevaluadas usando espectrofotometría y electroforesis. Se usó una ANOVA de dos factores mezclados y unaprueba de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey para comparar los diferentes métodos de extracción de ADN ya través de las diferentes muestras biológicas. El mayor rendimiento de ADN fue obtenido para las muestrasde tejido con el kit PrepFiler™, con una concentración media de 5,25 ng/μL, una pureza de 1,87 y una bandadefinida en la electroforesis. Sin embargo, no recomendamos el uso de estas muestras en animales vivos.El ADN obtenido de saliva con el kit PrepFiler™ ofreció resultados similares en términos de concentración(media 3,56 ng/μL), pureza de 1,85 e integridad; además, la prueba de comparación de Tukey mostró queno hay diferencias entre las muestras de saliva y sangre (p= 0,01028); la obtención de muestras de salivarequiere menos intervención en los animales. Por esta razón, se concluye que la extracción de ADN usandoel kit PrepFiler™ en muestras de saliva es la mejor opción para extracción de ADN de calidad en las especies estudiadas.
Journal Article
The dissociation of hydrogen sulfide in seawater1
1988
The pK1* for the dissociation of H2S
has been measured in artificial seawater as a function of salinity (S = 5–40) and temperature (5°– 25°C). Results have been fitted to an equation of the form
where pK1 is the value at infinite dilution given by
(σ = 0.033 in pK*, mol kg−1 seawater). The results at S = 35 show a 0.08 shift in pK* from the results in the literature, as was also found in 0.7 m NaCl solutions. The results are in good agreement with the apparent pK1′ results when adjusted to the same pH scale. Using values for the apparent activity coefficient of the proton, we combined our results with those results to derive the consensus values of
Journal Article
The Dissociation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Seawater
1988
The pk1
*for the dissociation of H2Shas been measured in artificial seawater as a function of salinity (S=5-40) and temperature (5⚬-25⚬ C). Results have been fitted to an equation of the form pK1
*=pK1+ AS1/2+ BS where pK1is the value at infinite dilution given by pK1= -98.080 + 5,765.4/T + 15.0455 ln T A= -0.1570 B = 0.0135 (σ=0.033 in pK*, mol kg-1 seawater). The results at S= 35 show a 0.08 shift in pK* from the results in the literature, as was also found in 0.7 m NaCl solutions. The results are in good agreement with the apparent pK1′ results when adjusted to the same pH scale. Using values for the apparent activity coefficient of the proton, we combined our results with those results to derive the consensus values of A= -0.1498 B = 0.0119 (σ=0.028 in pK1*).
Journal Article
The dissociation of hydrogen sulfide in seawater 1
1988
The pK sub(1)* for the dissociation of H sub(2)S has been measured in artificial seawater as a function of salinity (S = 5-40) and temperature (5 degree - 25 degree C). Results have been fitted to an equation of the form where pK sub(1) is the value at infinite dilution given by ( sigma = 0.033 in pK*, mol kg super(-1) seawater). The results at S = 35 show a 0.08 shift in pK* from the results in the literature, as was also found in 0.7 m NaCl solutions. The results are in good agreement with the apparent pK sub(1)' results when adjusted to the same pH scale. Using values for the apparent activity coefficient of the proton, we combined our results with those results to derive the consensus values of
Journal Article