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Traditionally, most crowding research involves the observation of subjects in groups formed either by manipulation in the laboratory or by natural factors in field studies. The conventional analysis of such data employs the group mean (or median) as the experimental unit and results in large numbers of individuals being observed to yield comparatively few degrees of freedom for the statistical tests of treatment effects. This paper examines the difference between dependent and independent responses and suggests that, for the case of independence, a nested analysis of variance model is appropriate. The advantages of this analytic approach are explained, and conditions are discussed under which more powerful test of treatment effects may be obtained.

Adaptive radiations fill ecological and morphological space during evolutionary diversification. Why do some trait combinations evolve during such radiations, whereas others do not? ‘Required’ constraints of pleiotropy and developmental interaction frequently are implicated in explanations for such patterns, but selective forces also may discourage particular trait combinations. Here, we use a dataset of 351 species to demonstrate the dearth of some theoretically plausible trait combinations of limb, toe and tail length in Anolis lizards. For example, disproportionately few Anolis species display long limbs and short toes. We evaluate recovered patterns within three species of Anolis, and find that cladewide patterns are not evident at intraspecific levels. For example, within species, the combination of long limbs and short toes is not significantly rarer than long limbs and long toes. Differences in scale complicate inter- and intraspecific comparisons and disallow concrete conclusions of cause. However, the absence of the interspecific pattern at the intraspecific level is more compatible with selection favouring particular trait combinations than with ‘required’ forces dictating which trait combinations are available for selection. We also demonstrate the isometry of toe, tail and hindlimb length relative to body length between species but allometry in four of nine trait–body comparisons within species.

After 34 years of teaching, coaching football and serving as an administrator at Archbishop Carroll High School, Maurice \"Maus\" Col lins called it quits and began what he thought would be a tranquil life of tinkering around the house, play ing golf and sitting in the sun out-

Thinkin' Things Collection 2, Edmark Corp., for ages 6-12, $42. (Macintosh and Windows/MS-DOS). Once upon a time, society viewed intelligence as a single measurable factor that would predict an individual's success. Modern educators believe human potential can be based on a composite of multiple intelligences, including musical/rhythmic and visual/spatial. This program offers five engaging activities that embrace memory, critical thinking, problem solving and creativity. Kids will enjoy composing or selecting music and graphics to accompany each learning segment. Throughout the holiday season, Edmark will throw in a free KidDesk menuing and accessory program (a $40 value) with purchase of this software title. Mary Stevens, Desiree Decker (age 7) and Derek Decker (3) Word City, Magic Quest, for IBM compatibles, DOS or Windows, for ages 3-9, $49.95. Food for thought, this language arts game incorporates spelling, vocabulary, alphabetization and reading comprehension skills. Players pit their word skills against alien \"Snorkelers\" who would devour Word City. They can choose to answer questions related to such themes as sports, science and stories. Each correct answer seals off three city blocks to pen in the Snorkelers, which can randomly challenge players to vocabulary, rhyme and speech duels. Decline or lose the challenge and another Snorkeler is set loose. Skill levels range from Prodigy, for ages 7-10, or Ace, designed for ages 10-12. Master Snoopy's Math, Image Smith, ages 3-10, $19.95 (IBM and compatibles with Windows and 4 MB RAM). The concept of making math fun seems debatable; let's say that the Peanuts gang makes math tolerable, if not terribly interesting. This program has three screens to choose. A dart game with Snoopy and Woodstock teaches addition, with levels ranging from preschool to one that would challenge adults. Cookie time asks kids to multiply or divide piles of cookies, and Linus throws pumpkins onto a scale for adding and multiplying. Animation is simple, and like math class itself, has few surprises that would keep kids intrigued.

Super Punch-Out, Nintendo, SNES, for age 12 and up, $59.95. If repeatedly smashing someone's face in and knocking people down are your idea of fun, check this one out. You can go through Minor, Major, World and Special boxing circuits, while a log of your fight record, including your best knockout times, is kept for you. As with real boxing, you need to train to make the right jabs, uppercuts and ducks. But you'll want to spend hours climbing up the ladder until you're the world champion. And sometimes when you both hit and get hit, you may think you actually can feel it. Allan Johnson and Warren (age 12) Sony Imagesoft ESPN titles, Sega Genesis and Sega CD, SNES, $64.95. These three ESPN titles pale in comparison with hot sports games like John Madden Football. First up is ESPN National Hockey Night, which is the best of the trio. You can choose from two views (vertical and back), which helps you better control the players. It has all the pro players and their numbers. Realistic pace, but graphics were average. Neck and neck in the stinky category are SpeedWorld and Sunday Night Football. Graphics in SpeedWorld look like an 8-bit and move like a turtle. Setting up plays for Sunday Night Football was too complicated. Space Invaders, Game Boy, $29.95. For the generation whose entry into video games included Space Invaders, Asteroids and Donkey Kong. Alas, Space Invaders' \"revival\" on the Game Boy handheld system is a huge disappointment. The graphics, or lack thereof, offer little more than distractions with sound effects. The rows of Space Invaders make their way toward the lone fighter with a few large blocks that are slowly eaten away by a fusillade from the enemy. The visibility is very poor, and it is especially difficult to see your gunfire. The Game Boy control pad is difficult to maneuver back and forth, and the \"run and gun\" format gets old quickly. The game would fare better on the big screen with the Super Game Boy attachment for the Super NES system. Or even the Game Boy magnifier, which can be found in retail stores.

But before you dash for the cash register, read the box carefully. Each piece of software is specific to a certain machine. The 3DO titles require a separate CD-ROM gameplaying system, and IBM CDs can't be played on a Mac and vice versa. Also make sure you have the machine that can do the job. In a large majority of cases you will need a 486 DX model IBM compatible or a Mac 7.0, both with a Super VGA monitor. You'll need a double speed CD-ROM player and wherever you see MPC, that means you must have an IBM compatible with a CD-ROM player. Go forward, and may the force be with you. Mad Dog McCree II the Lost Gold, American Laser Games, 3DO, $59.95-$69.95. GameGun, $44.95-54.95. Mad Dog McCree II is a play-at-home version of the popular gunslinger arcade game. It blends feature film, target practice and adventure game and challenges players to a shootout with some of the fastest guns in the West. The 3DO version is virtually identical to the full-size arcade game and requires quick reflexes and accurate shotmaking to defeat gun-toting bad guys. This game can be played with your standard controller but is decidedly more fun with the GameGun. Off-World Interceptor, Crystal Dynamics, 3DO, $59.95. Pure adrenaline. You'll need plenty of it to survive a barrage to the senses. And you'll need plenty of practice to master this futuristic obstacle course driving game. As an off-world mercenary you drive a very cool four-wheel-drive machine over rugged 3-D terrain while somehow aiming and shooting at baddies, avoiding nasty obstacles and gobbling up fuel and weapons markers. After each heat, you are rewarded with cash that can be used to repair or upgrade your vehicle before the next race. In two-player mode you can duel side-by-side with a buddy, and Interceptor has five worlds to conquer-each offering different terrain and obstacle challenges.

The Integrated Plasma Simulator (IPS) provides a framework within which some of the most advanced, massively-parallel fusion modeling codes can be interoperated to provide a detailed picture of the multi-physics processes involved in fusion experiments. The presentation will cover four topics: 1) recent improvements to the IPS, 2) application of the IPS for very high resolution simulations of ITER scenarios, 3) studies of resistive and ideal MHD stability in tokamk discharges using IPS facilities, and 4) the application of RF power in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies to control slowly growing MHD modes in tokamaks and initial evaluations of optimized location for RF power deposition.