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"Pomerantz, Andrew M"
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علم النفس الإكلينيكي : العلوم والممارسة والثقافة
يقدم هذا الكتاب لطلبته المدى الشاسع من القضايا التي يشملها هذا الحقل والمبررات لوضع هذا الكتاب كان لها عدة أوجه \"تزويد الطلبة بمدخل متوازن في علم النفس الإكلينيكي\" هناك فيض من الجدال الصحي داخل علم النفس الإكلينيكي وأنا أعتقد أن الطريقة المثالية لتعريف الطلبة بسلسلة الخيارات للآراء التي يتم عرضها من قبل علماء النفس الإكلينيكيين هي تعظيم مستوى الحيادية في الكتاب.
BOOK
The Relationship Between Experiential Avoidance and Impulsiveness in a Nonclinical Sample
Experiential avoidance (EA) has been connected to various behavioural indicators of psychological distress, implicated in the etiology and maintenance of psychological disorders, and is the target of prevalent psychological treatments. However, the reasons that individuals engage in dysfunctional EA are little understood. One hypothesis focuses on the preference for small, immediate rewards above larger, delayed rewards — in other words, impulsiveness. We examined the relationship of impulsiveness, measured both by self-report and behaviourally, to EA, while statistically controlling for possible confounding variables (i.e., intellectual functioning, gender, ethnicity), in a sample of normal undergraduate participants. Regression analyses suggest a significant relationship exists between EA and self-reported (but not behaviourally measured) impulsiveness. Exploratory analyses indicate nonplanning-type impulsiveness might be the best predictor of EA. Possible confounding variables did not account for a significant amount of variance within either model examined. Thus, support is provided for a theoretically proposed relationship within the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy model of psychopathology between EA and impulsiveness.
Journal Article
When Clients No-Show: An Empirical Analogue Study of Psychologists’ Response Strategies
Empirical studies of psychotherapists’ responses to clients who no-show, i.e., fail to attend appointments without notification or follow-up, are notably absent from the literature. The current study surveyed licensed psychologists to assess their responses to outpatient no-show situations. Participants responded to one of two vignettes depicting a client diagnosed with either major depression with a history of suicidality or generalized anxiety disorder. Results indicated that across conditions, the majority of psychotherapists would attempt to contact the client who no-showed; would make their first attempt within a few days of the no-show; would make repeat attempts if necessary; and would rely primarily on phone calls to the client’s cell and home numbers as methods of contact. Compared to those who responded to the vignette featuring the anxious client, participants who responded to the vignette featuring the depressed client reported a significantly shorter wait between the no-show and the contact attempt and a significantly greater number of contact attempts. Implications and clinical relevance are discussed.
Journal Article
Under What Conditions Is Individual Psychotherapy Distressing to Clients' Romantic Partners? An Empirical Analogue Study
In this study, undergraduates (n = 473) were asked to envision that their romantic partner was seeing a psychotherapist individually, and were then asked to rate their distress in response to 16 different descriptions of the context of the psychotherapy. Results indicated that overall, participants felt slightly distressed about their partners being in therapy. All contextual variables examined significantly influenced distress ratings. Distress reached moderate to high levels when clients refused to discuss therapy with partners, partners were unaware of the reason for therapy, clients were physically attracted to therapists, or therapy was long. Implications of these results are discussed.
Journal Article
The Impact of Specific Psychotherapist Beliefs Regarding Managed Care on Prospective Psychotherapy Clients
The purpose of this study was to investigate the separate impact of each of thirteen therapist beliefs that, presented collectively, were previously found to have a significantly negative impact on prospective clients' attitudes toward managed care psychotherapy (Pomerantz, 2000). Participants in this study initially completed a brief questionnaire measuring their willingness to enter psychotherapy and their expectations regarding psychotherapy under managed care. Participants subsequently completed the same brief questionnaire again after being instructed to imagine seeing a hypothetical psychologist and being presented with the psychologist's supposed beliefs regarding managed care (which were actually derived from survey data by Murphy et al., 1998). Results suggest that almost every discrete therapist belief had a significantly negative impact on participants' attitudes toward managed care psychotherapy. Several specific therapist beliefs produced particularly salient negative effects. Implications regarding ethics and informed consent are discussed.
Journal Article
Diagnostic Classification Systems
On the surface, the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM—IV—TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) is straightforward. Contemporary practice requires a standard “catalogue” of mental disorders, with each disorder defined conceptually, and criteria for formal diagnosis set forth. This chapter explores the development of the DSM—IV—TR, the history of the DSM including previous versions, advantages and disadvantages of the current model of classification, and possible revisions for future editions of the DSM. To begin, however, one must understand that the concept of “mental disorder” is complicated by many issues, including the idea that mental disorders are rooted in societal norms as well as the context of history.
The origin of the concept of mental illness may date back to prehistoric man. That is, it is likely that prehistoric man had some understanding of the “mind”, and that surgery to the skull might relieve symptoms of illness due to head injury (Liu & Apuzzo, 2003). As human society has progressed, however, the concept of mental illness has both expanded as well as become more complex. Consider, for example, the mental disorder of depression. In the case where a person may suffer a personal loss and experience grief, at what point in time does that grief become psychopathological depression? In this case, culture and society must somehow draw the line between the normal grieving process and psychopathology. The distinction must be made in terms of the specific behaviors exhibited (frequent fatigue or suicidal ideation) as well as the duration of the pathological behavior (one week versus one year). Also consider schizophrenia. Typical symptoms of this disorder include the presence of delusions. However, if one were to admit that she believed in a spiritual world or the afterlife, she would probably not be labeled “delusional” despite the fact that there is no supporting scientific evidence for an afterlife. Therefore, even mental disorders with the greatest amount of research in some sense are founded on society's assumption of what is, and is not, normal.
Book Chapter
Allosteric coupling asymmetry mediates paradoxical activation of BRAF by type II inhibitors
The type II class of RAF inhibitors currently in clinical trials paradoxically activate BRAF at subsaturating concentrations. Activation is mediated by induction of BRAF dimers, but why activation rather than inhibition occurs remains unclear. Using biophysical methods tracking BRAF dimerization and conformation, we built an allosteric model of inhibitor-induced dimerization that resolves the allosteric contributions of inhibitor binding to the two active sites of the dimer, revealing key differences between type I and type II RAF inhibitors. For type II inhibitors the allosteric coupling between inhibitor binding and BRAF dimerization is distributed asymmetrically across the two dimer binding sites, with binding to the first site dominating the allostery. This asymmetry results in efficient and selective induction of dimers with one inhibited and one catalytically active subunit. Our allosteric models quantitatively account for paradoxical activation data measured for 11 RAF inhibitors. Unlike type II inhibitors, type I inhibitors lack allosteric asymmetry and do not activate BRAF homodimers. Finally, NMR data reveal that BRAF homodimers are dynamically asymmetric with only one of the subunits locked in the active αC-in state. This provides a structural mechanism for how binding of only a single αC-in inhibitor molecule can induce potent BRAF dimerization and activation.
Journal Article
Functionally heterogeneous human satellite cells identified by single cell RNA sequencing
Although heterogeneity is recognized within the murine satellite cell pool, a comprehensive understanding of distinct subpopulations and their functional relevance in human satellite cells is lacking. We used a combination of single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to identify, distinguish, and physically separate novel subpopulations of human PAX7+ satellite cells (Hu-MuSCs) from normal muscles. We found that, although relatively homogeneous compared to activated satellite cells and committed progenitors, the Hu-MuSC pool contains clusters of transcriptionally distinct cells with consistency across human individuals. New surface marker combinations were enriched in transcriptional subclusters, including a subpopulation of Hu-MuSCs marked by CXCR4/CD29/CD56/CAV1 (CAV1+). In vitro, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs are morphologically distinct, and characterized by resistance to activation compared to CAV1- Hu-MuSCs. In vivo, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs demonstrated increased engraftment after transplantation. Our findings provide a comprehensive transcriptional view of normal Hu-MuSCs and describe new heterogeneity, enabling separation of functionally distinct human satellite cell subpopulations.
Journal Article
Realistic molecular model of kerogen’s nanostructure
Despite kerogen’s importance as the organic backbone for hydrocarbon production from source rocks such as gas shale, the interplay between kerogen’s chemistry, morphology and mechanics remains unexplored. As the environmental impact of shale gas rises, identifying functional relations between its geochemical, transport, elastic and fracture properties from realistic molecular models of kerogens becomes all the more important. Here, by using a hybrid experimental–simulation method, we propose a panel of realistic molecular models of mature and immature kerogens that provide a detailed picture of kerogen’s nanostructure without considering the presence of clays and other minerals in shales. We probe the models’ strengths and limitations, and show that they predict essential features amenable to experimental validation, including pore distribution, vibrational density of states and stiffness. We also show that kerogen’s maturation, which manifests itself as an increase in the
sp
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hybridization ratio, entails a crossover from plastic-to-brittle rupture mechanisms.
Molecular models of kerogens provide a detailed picture of their nanostructure in organic-rich shale.
Journal Article
Oxidation increases the strength of the methionine-aromatic interaction
Editorial summary
A combination of statistical analysis, quantum mechanics calculations and biophysical analytical approaches shows that methionine oxidation increases its interactions with aromatic side chains, interactions that are important for intraprotein and interprotein interactions.
Oxidation of methionine disrupts the structure and function of a range of proteins, but little is understood about the chemistry that underlies these perturbations. Using quantum mechanical calculations, we found that oxidation increased the strength of the methionine-aromatic interaction motif, a driving force for protein folding and protein-protein interaction, by 0.5–1.4 kcal/mol. We found that non-hydrogen-bonded interactions between dimethyl sulfoxide (a methionine analog) and aromatic groups were enriched in both the Protein Data Bank and Cambridge Structural Database. Thermal denaturation and NMR spectroscopy experiments on model peptides demonstrated that oxidation of methionine stabilized the interaction by 0.5–0.6 kcal/mol. We confirmed the biological relevance of these findings through a combination of cell biology, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations on (i) calmodulin structure and dynamics, and (ii) lymphotoxin-α binding toTNFR1. Thus, the methionine-aromatic motif was a determinant of protein structural and functional sensitivity to oxidative stress.
Journal Article