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Neutrino physics has entered into the era of precision measurements. Over the last two decades, significant efforts have been made to measure precise parameters of the PMNS matrix, which describes neutrino oscillation phenomena. The next generation neutrino experiment will prioritize measuring leptonic CP-violation, potentially revealing the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe. Technological advancements will enable faster and more precise measurements. This article describes how neutrino experiments, will utilize machine learning techniques to identify and reconstruct different neutrino event topology in detectors. This approach promises unprecedented measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters.

Electronics to operate at cryogenic temperatures is key to many areas of science, including space exploration and in particle physics. Ensuring circuit functional reliability is mission critical. One system that will use tens of thousands of custom designed application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) is the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will have sensor circuits operating in liquid argon (87 K) for decades. Both functional and nondestructive testing are being used to ensure circuit quality and reliability. Part of this work involves design, testing and data analysis using a cryogenic acoustic microscope operating at frequencies up to 50 MHz. Image analysis and correlations are used to compare differences seen before and after cryogenic cycling. Data are reported that were collected at room temperature (300 K) and when cooled using liquid nitrogen (77 K).

Three-flavour neutrino mixing has successfully explained a wide range of neutrino oscillation data. However, results such as the electron antineutrino appearance excesses seen by LSND and MiniBooNE can be explained in terms of neutrino oscillations adding a sterile neutrino at a larger mass scale than the existing three flavour mass states. MINOS is a two-detector, long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that uses magnetized tracker-calorimeter detectors to measure the energy and composition of the NuMI neutrino beam. These magnetized detectors give MINOS a unique ability to be able to separate muon neutrino and antineutrino interactions. Using data taken with the NuMI beam configured in antineutrino mode, MINOS is able to search for sterile antineutrinos by looking for the disappearance of muon antineutrinos over its 734 km baseline. The sterile antineutrino signature would be seen as modulations at high energy in the charged-current muon antineutrino spectrum. We present the first MINOS results constraining 3+1 sterile antineutrino oscillations, using a combination of 3.36×1020 protons-on-target (POT) of antineutrino-enhanced beam data, and 10.56×1020 protons-on-target (POT) of neutrino-dominated beam data. These results are compared with existing constraints and future improvements to the searches are discussed.

The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) was designed to reconstruct neutrino events from the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) with the parallel goals of measuring neutron production in interactions with oxygen and serving as a testbed for new technology. The ANNIE detector consists of a 26-ton water Cherenkov target tank instrumented with conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), a downstream tracking muon spectrometer, and an upstream double wall of plastic scintillator to serve to veto charged particles incoming from neutrino events that occur upstream of the experimental setup. ANNIE has also deployed multiple Large-Area Picosecond PhotoDetectors (LAPPDs) and a test vessel of water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS). This paper describes the event reconstruction performance of the detector before implementation of these novel technologies, which will serve as a baseline against which their impact can be measured. That said, even the techniques used for event reconstruction using only the conventional PMT array and muon spectrometer are significantly different than those used in other water Cherenkov detectors due to the small size of ANNIE (which makes nanosecond-scale timing not as useful as in a large detector) and the availability of reconstruction information from the tracking muon spectrometer. We demonstrate that combining the information from these two elements into a single fit using only pattern recognition yields a muon vertex uncertainty of 60 cm, a directional uncertainty of 13.2 degrees, and energy reconstruction uncertainty of about 10\\% for BNB muon neutrino Charged Current Zero Pion (CC0pi) events.

The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) is both a physics experiment and a technology testbed for next-generation light-based neutrino detection. In this paper, we report the first demonstration of a fully integrated Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) operating in a running neutrino beam experiment. Particular focus is given to the design, commissioning, and successful deployment of the Packaged ANNIE LAPPD (PAL), a waterproof, self-triggering module incorporating fast waveform digitization and precision timing synchronized to the ANNIE detector subsystems. We identify beam-correlated LAPPD data frames consistent with charged-current neutrino interactions observed in multiple detector subsystems, establishing the first detection of neutrino-induced Cherenkov light with an LAPPD. These results validate the system-level performance of LAPPDs under realistic experimental conditions-including long-term stability, timing synchronization, and event matching with conventional PMT and muon detector systems-marking a critical step toward their deployment in future large-scale neutrino and particle detectors.

The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) is a 26-ton water Cherenkov neutrino detector installed on the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. Its main physics goals are to perform a measurement of the neutron yield from neutrino-nucleus interactions, as well as a measurement of the charged-current cross section of muon neutrinos. An equally important focus is placed on the research and development of new detector technologies and target media. Specifically water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) is of interest as a novel detector medium, as it allows for the simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light. This paper presents the deployment of a 366L WbLS vessel in ANNIE in March 2023 and the subsequent detection of both Cherenkov light and scintillation from the WbLS. This proof-of-concept allows for the future development of reconstruction and particle identification algorithms in ANNIE, as well as dedicated analyses, such as the search for neutral current events and the hadronic scintillation component within the WbLS volume.

We report the final measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters \\(\\Delta m^2_{32}\\) and \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{23}\\) using all data from the MINOS and MINOS+ experiments. These data were collected using a total exposure of \\(23.76 \\times 10^{20}\\) protons on target producing \\(\\nu_{mu}\\) and \\(\\overline{\\nu_\\mu}\\) beams and 60.75 kt\\(\\cdot\\)yr exposure to atmospheric neutrinos. The measurement of the disappearance of \\(\\nu_{\\mu}\\) and the appearance of \\(\\nu_e\\) events between the Near and Far detectors yields \\(|\\Delta m^2_{32}|=2.40^{+0.08}_{-0.09}~(2.45^{+0.07}_{-0.08}) \\times 10^{-3}\\) eV\\(^2\\) and \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{23} = 0.43^{+0.20}_{-0.04} ~(0.42^{+0.07}_{-0.03})\\) at 68% C.L. for Normal (Inverted) Hierarchy.

Cold electronics is a key technology in many areas of science and technology including space exploration programs and particle physics. A major experiment with a very large number of analog and digital electronics signal processing channels to be operated at cryogenic temperatures is the next-generation neutrino experiment, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The DUNE detector uses liquid Argon at 87K as a target material for neutrinos, and as a medium to track charged particles resulting from interactions in the detector volume. The DUNE electronics [1] consists of custom-designed ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) chips based on low power 180 nm-CMOS technology. The main risk for this technology is that the electronics components will be immersed in liquid argon for many years (20-30 years) without access. Reliability issues of ASICs may arise from thermal stress, packaging, and manufacturing-related defects: if undetected those could lead to long-term reliability and performance problems. The scope of this paper is to explore non-destructive evaluation techniques for their potential use in a comprehensive quality control process during prototyping, testing and commissioning of the DUNE cold electronics system. Specifically, we have used the Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and X-ray tomography to study permanent structural changes in the ASIC chips associated with thermal cycling between the room and cryogenic temperatures.

A search for mixing between active neutrinos and light sterile neutrinos has been performed by looking for muon neutrino disappearance in two detectors at baselines of 1.04 km and 735 km, using a combined MINOS and MINOS+ exposure of \\(16.36\\times10^{20}\\) protons-on-target. A simultaneous fit to the charged-current muon neutrino and neutral-current neutrino energy spectra in the two detectors yields no evidence for sterile neutrino mixing using a 3+1 model. The most stringent limit to date is set on the mixing parameter \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{24}\\) for most values of the sterile neutrino mass-splitting \\(\\Delta m^2_{41} > 10^{-4}\\) eV\\(^2\\).

Searches for electron antineutrino, muon neutrino, and muon antineutrino disappearance driven by sterile neutrino mixing have been carried out by the Daya Bay and MINOS+ collaborations. This Letter presents the combined results of these searches, along with exclusion results from the Bugey-3 reactor experiment, framed in a minimally extended four-neutrino scenario. Significantly improved constraints on the \\(\\theta_{\\mu e}\\) mixing angle are derived that constitute the most stringent limits to date over five orders of magnitude in the sterile mass-squared splitting \\(\\Delta m^2_{41}\\), excluding the 90% C.L. sterile-neutrino parameter space allowed by the LSND and MiniBooNE observations at 90% CL\\(_s\\) for \\(\\Delta m^2_{41}<5\\,\\)eV\\(^2\\).Furthermore, the LSND and MiniBooNE 99% C.L. allowed regions are excluded at 99% CL\\(_s\\) for \\(\\Delta m^2_{41}\\) \\(<\\) 1.2 eV\\(^2\\).