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Introduction There are lapses in Nigeria’s data ecosystems with the consequences of imprecise and inaccurate data on humanitarian crises limiting accurate interventions. Therefore, we examined the data targeting processes in the humanitarian sector of Northeast Nigeria and the ethical concerns that arise when such data is collected and used to advance understanding and improve humanitarian protection systems. Methods The fieldwork was done in two phases in Maiduguri Borno, North-East Nigeria, between 2021 and 2022. This period was selected because it was the climax of IDP camps in the Northeastern part of the country. Maiduguri was selected for the study because it is the capital of Borno state which is the epicenter of insurgency and internal displacements in Nigeria. Hence, a lot of the most vibrant IDP camps in Nigeria were in Maiduguri for care and security reasons. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted among the displaced persons across five camps. We also interviewed twenty stakeholders and practitioners working with IDPs to understand Nigeria’s data-based humanitarian contexts of internal displacement. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim by a language expert. The data were coded, and content analyzed to provide context and explore significant operational and ethical issues in data-driven humanitarian protection. Results There are discrepancies in the definition of vulnerability in data gathering, putting into question how targeting is carried out to identify vulnerable people and its implications for exclusion. Different data banks and reliability issues across institutions and actors make room for a multiplicity of data and problematic synergy relative to data and ethics. Inconsistent ethical systems guide data gathering and utilization in IDP camps; for instance, there are ineffective norms of recording and securing informed consent during data gathering. States, partners, and IDP camps confront debilitating capacity gaps and equipment deficits that make updated data gathering, storing, retrieval, and utilization. Paper and digital data storage processes were often used with restricted access to only a few key stakeholders. There is vast data expropriation without standard recourse to justice and beneficence as ethical procedures in the humanitarian data space of northeastern Nigeria as a microcosm of Sub-Saharan African realities. Conclusion There are enormous implications for effective and efficient targeting processes and outcomes, strategic inclusion, and ethical practices in conflict management, humanitarian interventions, and internal displacement in sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: Reports continue to show that lifestyle modification is cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, lifestyle and cultural patterns vary significantly across communities thereby necessitating the need for tailored dietary interventions to achieve optimal glycemic control. Presently, few prospective studies in Nigeria demonstrate the potential effects of diet modification on cardiometabolic, inflammation and prothrombotic factors. This study therefore assessed the effects of a twelvemonth dietary modification on cardiometabolic, inflammation and prothrombotic factors in individuals with T2DM. Materials and Methods: Forty adults with T2DM were enrolled into this longitudinal study. They were placed on 20%, 30% and 50% total caloric intake obtained from protein, fat, and carbohydrate respectively and were followed up for 12 months. Adherence to the dietary modification was assessed using a surrogate index. Standard methods were used to measure the blood pressure and anthropometric indices. Lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)], interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured using spectrophotometric methods and ELISA as appropriate. Data analysis was done using paired Student's t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlation as appropriate. Pvalue less than0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: There were no significant changes in the mean body weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ra tio, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, FPG and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) at 6 months and 12 months compared with the baseline. However, the mean levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc) was significantly elevated while the mean waist circumference (WC) and waist- to- height ratio (WHtR) were significantly reduced at 12- month compared with baseline. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was significantly higher at 6months compared with the baseline but reduced significantly at 12-month compared with the 6-month level. Unexpectedly, there was significant progressive rise in the median level of fibrinogen at 6-month and 12-month compared with the baseline. Similarly, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels at 6-month and 12-month were significantly higher compared with the baseline. Conclusion: It could be concluded from this study that twelve months of dietary modification improved central adiposity and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol but could not halt prothrombosis.

Investigation of the subsurface becomes a compulsion before waste disposal site is developed. The content of this paper presents integrated geophysical methods in a basement complex terrain, southwestern Nigeria. The dumpsite is located at Oke Saje, Abeokuta, in Ogun state. This was done to investigate the leachate curtailment capacity (LCC) of the existing dumpsite by characterizing the subsurface. A clay overburden thickness of about 15 m which acts as leachate filter is a standard for determining the LCC of a dumpsite. Prior to this work, there is no documented record that such investigation had been done to reveal the LCC before establishment of the dumpsite. Vertical electrical sounding (VES), 2D electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves techniques were adopted for the investigation on the existing dumpsite. Eighteen VES was carried out using Schlumberger configuration at 5–10-m intervals to obtain resistivity values and the respective lithological units of the subsurface and three electrical resistivity imaging using dipole–dipole array. MASW techniques were later carried out to ascertain the underlain materials by determining seismic wave arrival times which were processed to obtain the shear wave velocities (SWVs) of the subsurface. The 2D-ERT revealed clearer features of the subsurface as topsoil, weathered, fractured and fresh basement. The result of the VES revealed topsoil with resistivity values ranging from 18 to 1381 Ωm, weathered layer (clay) with resistivity values 15–84 Ωm, fresh basement and fractured layer with resistivity values 192/366–5585 Ωm. The thickness of the clay deposition ranges from 1.8 to 18.5 m. The MASW result using SWVs revealed topsoil, sandy clay, clayey sand and clay with rigidity modulus ranging between 42.4 and 160 N/m 2 at the depth of 30 m. The combined methods carried out at the dumpsites revealed the same lithological units. The waste disposal site is said to have a good LCC due to the presence of clay overburden thickness but not up to 15 m in some parts of the dumpsite.

Health literacy connotes understanding health-related issues and applying a clear understanding of implications in making decisions about one's healthcare needs. Early detection and prompt treatment are cornerstone strategies of breast cancer control. This study assessed the relationship between health literacy and breast cancer prevention practices. This study was conducted in Lagos State. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about breast cancer, attitude towards breast cancer and practice of screening methods available were obtained. Health literacy was assessed with the health literacy domain of a validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha of 0.75) validated by test-retest reliability) that evaluated the ability to use a language to understand health instructions, cognitive awareness of basic health-related situations, symptom recognitions and health actions required. Health literacy variables were measured on a 19-point rating scale. Most participants(40%) were between the ages of 31 and 40, while women aged 60 years and above constituted the least proportion (3.1%) of the sample. The mean health literacy score was 12.27 (SD+1.5). A significant proportion(78.4%) of the women had heard of breast cancer. Participants with university/HND education are less likely (OR = 0.431; 95%CI = 0.039,0.759) to have low health literacy. Also, participants with higher income were less likely to have low health literacy, and knowledge of breast cancer risk factors was generally low. This study shows an above-average mean health literacy score amongst these women; however, inadequate knowledge of risk factors still exists. Education level and income are significant in increasing health literacy on breast cancer preventive practices amongst market women in Lagos, Nigeria.

The rate of increasing resistance to most antimalarial drugs suggests a need for better alternatives. Hence, the present study evaluates the in vivo antimalarial and biochemical profiles of a locally formulated herbal antimalarial therapy, Abaleria® on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei . Eight groups of five mice each were used. The control groups include uninfected, infected with 1.0 × 10 7 P. berghei parasites but not treated, infected, and treated 3 days after inoculation with 25 mg kg −1 chloroquine diphosphate (CDP). Other groups were infected and treated with 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg kg −1 /day of Abaleria® for 4 days. On the 5th day, blood smears were prepared and evaluated for parasitemia microscopically, and animals were thereafter sacrificed; serum obtained from blood samples collected through cardiac puncture was used for biochemical assays. There was a significant ( p  < 0.05) reduction in parasitemia at the highest dose of the drug which compared favorably with CDP. Infection led to elevated liver function indices while treatment with Abaleria® normalized these parameters; a dose dependent increase in HDL-cholesterol was detected in the groups treated with Abaleria® and CDP. The study shows that Abaleria® displayed a dose-dependent in vivo antiplasmodial and biochemical properties as well as improvement of lipid profiles of mice infected with P. berghei.

Hypertension has become an important public health challenge globally because of its high prevalence and concomitant increase in its risk for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases.0 This study was conducted in a University in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. It assessed the prevalence of hypertension among the cleaners and their knowledge about it. It further examined the association between their educational status and knowledge of hypertension, relationship between age, Body Mass Index and development of hypertension. A non-experimental descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The Cluster Sampling Technique was employed to select a total of 228 respondents. A self-developed, semi-structured and intervieweradministered questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Respondents' knowledge on hypertension was just fair. A quarter was not aware of their hypertensive status yet on examination, about 26.3% had developed it. For the unaffected ones, almost half were doing nothing to prevent them developing it. Hypothesis testing showed that respondents' educational status and Body Mass Indexes had no significant association with their hypertensive statuses.