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Abstract This article aims to analyze how the prevention of HIV infection in Colombia -from the 1980s until now- has taken place, given that it is one of the main measures to control infection. We present the epidemiological context in the world and in Colombia, the development of the prevention of infection, and conclude with some reflections on the gaps and realities of what has characterized HIV prevention in our environment. Methodology: we analyzed papers and scientific articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese from 2000 to 2016, available in PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor, and Scielo. Seventy-five articles were reviewed out of which twenty-nine selected. Conclusions: HIV prevention must move from the assistance-based approach to policies that promote human, social, and economic development, without leaving aside the fact that the general population is at risk of acquiring the infection.

La Economía Experimental ha desarrollado diferentes experimentos que pueden ser aprovechados como una actividad docente en la enseñanza de la Economía. Su naturaleza activa y participativa motiva a los alumnos y estimula la reflexión y la mejor comprensión de algunos fenómenos económicos como el funcionamiento de los mercados, donde los resultados individuales dependen del conjunto de las decisiones de los agentes y de sus interacciones. Los experimentos económicos tienen ya una larga tradición, y han proporcionado resultados espectaculares y conclusiones ampliamente admitidas sobre la dinámica de mercados y el efecto de las instituciones económicas. Las nuevas tecnologías facilitan la realización y el análisis de estos experimentos. En este artículo presentamos LABEXNET, un programa informático para la realización de experimentos económicos por Internet puesto a libre disposición de la comunidad académica.

If community-based staff or parents are angry about funding shortages, they can join their local councillors in lobbying Queen's Park for more money. And community-based, non-profit programs need to be careful in making alliances. The same for-profit operators that are arguing for municipal programs to be closed are also arguing for a share of the non-profit community's wage grants.

Experimental Economists have designed over the years a wide range of scientific experiments that can be usefully employed nowadays as teaching aids. The interactive and participatory nature of such experiments serves as a motivation to students, stimulates their own thinking, and enhances their insights into the forces that drive economic markets: the aggregate interactions of economic agents within a market institution. Economic classroom games have been recognised as useful teaching tools for decades, and they have often produced surprising results and better understanding of market dynamics and institutions. Nowadays the new information technologies can be brought into play to conduct and analyse experimental games in unprecedented ways: using Internet-based tools, the design, execution and analysis of classroom games can be made considerably easier than traditionally. In this paper we introduce LABEXNET, a program designed to conduct Internet-based economic classroom games. LABEXNET is freely available to the academic community.. La Economía Experimental ha desarrollado diferentes experimentos que pueden ser aprovechados como una actividad docente en la enseñanza de la Economía. Su naturaleza activa y participativa motiva a los alumnos y estimula la reflexión y la mejor comprensión de algunos fenómenos económicos como el funcionamiento de los mercados, donde los resultados individuales dependen del conjunto de las decisiones de los agentes y de sus interacciones. Los experimentos económicos tienen ya una larga tradición, y han proporcionado resultados espectaculares y conclusiones ampliamente admitidas sobre la dinámica de mercados y el efecto de las instituciones económicas. Las nuevas tecnologías facilitan la realización y el análisis de estos experimentos. En este artículo presentamos LABEXNET, un programa informático para la realización de experimentos económicos por Internet puesto a libre disposición de la comunidad académica..

This article proposes to analyze how different concepts of the sociology of religion operate in today’s youth. Specifically, it starts from the concepts of “enterprise of the self” and “performance/enjoyment device”, proposed by Christian Laval and Pierre Dardot in The New Way of the World, to try to identify the reconfiguration of sacredness and sacrifice in the younger generation, in a context that is identified as precarious. The analysis delves into a precariousness that goes beyond the system of modeling subjectivities and the device for controlling action proposed by Laval and Dardot. This does not imply the ineffectiveness of these concepts, but rather their intensification and rearticulation in accordance with the different realities of youth.

Background The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an ecologically and economically relevant edible marine bivalve, highly invasive and resilient to biotic and abiotic stressors causing recurrent massive mortalities in other bivalves. Although these traits have been recently linked with the maintenance of a high genetic variation within natural populations, the factors underlying the evolutionary success of this species remain unclear. Results Here, after the assembly of a 1.28-Gb reference genome and the resequencing of 14 individuals from two independent populations, we reveal a complex pan-genomic architecture in M. galloprovincialis , with a core set of 45,000 genes plus a strikingly high number of dispensable genes (20,000) subject to presence-absence variation, which may be entirely missing in several individuals. We show that dispensable genes are associated with hemizygous genomic regions affected by structural variants, which overall account for nearly 580 Mb of DNA sequence not included in the reference genome assembly. As such, this is the first study to report the widespread occurrence of gene presence-absence variation at a whole-genome scale in the animal kingdom. Conclusions Dispensable genes usually belong to young and recently expanded gene families enriched in survival functions, which might be the key to explain the resilience and invasiveness of this species. This unique pan-genome architecture is characterized by dispensable genes in accessory genomic regions that exceed by orders of magnitude those observed in other metazoans, including humans, and closely mirror the open pan-genomes found in prokaryotes and in a few non-metazoan eukaryotes.

Coloniality is a widespread growth form in cnidarians, tunicates, and bryozoans, among others. Colonies function as single physiological units despite their modular structure of zooids and supporting tissues. A key question is how structurally and functionally distinct colony parts are generated. In the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus , colonies consist of zooids (polyps) interconnected by stolons attached to the substrate. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we profiled ~200,000 Hydractinia cells, including stolons and two polyp types, identifying major cell types and their distribution across colony parts. Distinct colony parts are primarily characterised by unique combinations of shared cell types and to a lesser extent by part-specific cell types. We identified cell type-specific transcription factors (TFs) and gene sets expressed within these cell types. This suggests that cell type combinations and occasional innovations drive the evolution of coloniality in cnidarians. We uncover a novel stolon-specific cell type linked to biomineralization and chitin synthesis, potentially crucial for habitat adaptation. Additionally, we describe a new cell type mediating self/non-self recognition. In summary, the Hydractinia cell atlas provides insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning coloniality. Here they generate a cell type atlas of the colonial cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, which reveals that distinct colony parts are mostly made from unique combinations of shared cell types, and identify novel cell types involved in biomineralization, and self/non-self recognition.

Ischemic compression is a manual therapy that improves range of motion, pain and disability in Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Plantar foot pain is a common clinical entity that could be due to Flexor digitorum brevis trigger point. Effect on balance and plantar pressures after ischemic compression in Flexor digitorum brevis muscle trigger point have not been checked. Eighteen subjects (aged 25.06 + /- 5.51 years) with bilateral Flexor digitorum brevis latent or active myofascial trigger points were recruited. Study design: pre-post study. We measured three static footprint and stabilometry variables before and after ischemic compression for 90 seconds at bilateral Flexor digitorum brevis Myofascial Trigger Point. A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to check normality. Comparison of related measures was done by paired T-test or Wilcoxon Range Test depending on whether the distribution was normal or non-normal. Significant differences were considered with p-value <0.05. All statistics were calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Reliability was also assessed with an Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Standard error measured (SEM) calculation. Most variables have good to perfect reliability, with the exception of four variables which had moderate reliability and two variables which had only slight reliability. Reliable stabylometric variables included anteroposterior displacement of COP and surface with EO and EC. The footprint and stabilometry variables showed no significant differences after ischemic compression. Ischemic compression in the Flexor digitorum brevis muscle showed no significant differences in plantar pressures and stabilometry. Other techniques like dry needling indicated worsened balance effects. More studies are required to check significant changes. The results are important because they demonstrate a technique to treat FDB MTrP without repercussions on plantar pressure or balance. NCT06509347 (clinicalTrials.gov) initial release 7/7/24 and last release 28/7/24.

Plantar pressure measurement has become increasingly relevant in fields such as sports performance, rehabilitation, and podiatry. Its outcomes are influenced by factors including foot morphology, body weight, joint mobility, and biological sex, with documented anatomical and physiological differences between men and women potentially affecting load distribution. Morton's extension, an orthotic device used to restore first ray function, has shown clinical efficacy in managing forefoot pathologies. However, limited research has examined its biomechanical effects with respect to sex. This study aimed to evaluate the differential impact of Morton's extension on plantar pressure distribution in men and women, under both static and dynamic conditions. A sex comparing clinical trial intervention study was conducted with 18 men´s feet (38.11 ± 15.49 years) and 32 women´s feet (41.63 ± 15.22 years), who underwent plantar pressure assessments using a calibrated platform before and after the application of a Morton extension. Static and dynamic measurements were recorded under both conditions to evaluate changes in pressure distribution. A mixed models static analysis was done to check that there are differences by sex on foot. The following results summarize statistically significant differences observed between sexes under both static and dynamic conditions, with and without Morton's extension. In static pressures without Morton's extension, statistically significant results were found in P.Max.Rtp.(kPa) (p = 0.006) and Medium.pressure.Rtp.(kPa) (p < 0.001). With Morton's extension in static conditions, significant differences were observed in P.Max.1M.(kPa) (p = 0.034), P.Max.Rtp.(kPa) (p = 0.017), and Medium.pressure.Rtp.(kPa) (p = 0.003). In dynamic pressures, before the intervention, statistically significant differences between sexes were observed in P.Max.1M.(kPa) (p = 0.023), Medium.pressure.1M.(kPa) (p = 0.008), Contact.Surfaces.(cm²) (p = 0.008), and Step.duration.(Milliseconds) (p = 0.048). After the intervention, additional significant differences were found in Contact.Surfaces.(cm²) (p = 0.009). The combined evidence indicates that Morton's extension elicits clinically meaningful, sex-dependent alterations in plantar loading. By applying mixed-effects models we uncovered subtle intra- and interindividual patterns that conventional analyses may overlook. These results support sex-specific orthotic dosing (height/geometry) and argue for individualized prescription to maximize load redistribution, reduce focal overpressure and prevent site-specific pathology. Future work should validate optimal orthotic designs using dynamic 3D gait analysis and computational modelling.