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The urban expansion and growth of Tehran have caused many challenges and issues for the city, which has been shown in the form of spatial–social balances with informal expressions, weakness of local governments, biological pollution, etc. The lack of balance in urban service facilities has led to a significant gap in different parts of the city. In this research, main providers of urban facilities concerning spatial inequality were used. The results of this study, using spatial statistics methods and fuzzy logic, showed that the propellants of the city of Tehran are distributed in three ways: cluster, random, and disperse. Hospitals, police stations, subway lines, local governments, and gas stations are clustered. Fire stations, Red Crescent, food and wholesale centers, medical services, housing prices, bus terminals, and hotels are random. Ambulance services and sports clubs are dispersed. These ways of distribution have resulted in a significant difference in the use of services provided by residents of different regions and have contributed to unequal opportunities for citizens in the use of facilities. Deprived districts represent the fact that the urban population is growing faster than the necessary infrastructure which can be built by urban management. The least developed and underdeveloped areas are mostly in the south and southeast of Tehran city, the medium and relatively developed areas are located in the center and west of the city, and the developed areas are located in the north of the city. Findings in this paper are trying to provide main criteria and the results to have a rational assessment of the current situation in the city to solve problems to urban managers and planners, as well as policy and planning strategy for urban development programs to achieve urban sustainability.

In addition to enhancing our theoretical grasp of justice, thinking spatially about it can also reveal important new insights that broaden our practical understanding in order to advance justice and democracy. On the other hand, these opportunities won’t be as obvious if the spatial equities aren't made apparent and strong. Austin city has experienced a fast-urban growing in the past decades. As urban areas grow, the public facilities should increase. The purpose of this paper investigates Facilities in terms of public facilities. Even though we said that the concept of justice is very complex, it is possible to get an understanding of it by using a quantitative method. This paper explores the condition of urban justice and opportunities for accessibility to public facilities for all residents in Austin by using GIS data and the Fuzzy logic model. The facilities and services maps were made in GIS and after the Euclidean Distance and Reclassify function in Arc Map, the Fuzzy Logic model was used to analyze spatial justice. The result shows the facilities are distributed properly. Spatial justice is in the context of Austin and residents enjoy spatial justice.

The aim of the present study was to appraisal the prose and cone of Shiraz City in terms of its potential in the context of health tourism. The statistical sample included medical and health tourism sector in the city of Shiraz in the northwest of Fars Province, south of Iran. The efficient authorities on the topic were identified through the hospitals engaging in medical tourism. The research was based on theoretical sampling through which the experienced people of extensive knowledge on medical tourism were interviewed. Active hospitals on attraction foreign patients averagely admit 15 and 50 foreign patients monthly and annually, respectively. Arab countries in the Persian Gulf were detected as the main marketing for Shiraz medical tourism. Oman encompassed the highest rate with 20% of admitted patients. Eye treatments with 30% and orthopedic with 6% were demonstrated as the highest and lowest rates in terms of foreign patients' needs, respectively. Closeness of cultural and religious beliefs and familial relationships on one hand and trusting to Iranian physicians on the other hand were amongst the most reasons for selecting Iran as a destination for medical tourism by patients. Implementing 4 strategies on monitoring medical tourism would result into significant improvement of attracting more foreigner patients not only into Shiraz but all around Iran. These items have been discussed in the text.

Purpose In Iran, the frequent occurrence of disasters has always been a major problem. In recent decades, disasters have created considerable challenges, especially in cities. Hence, understanding the levels of urban resilience (UR) and planning for addressing vulnerabilities plays a key role in the era of increasing risks and uncertainties. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of resilience of Iranian cities. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review method was used to determine how resilient Iranian cities are. To find relevant studies, the authors searched Iranian and international databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID and Magiran. There was no restriction on the inclusion date, meaning that all papers published up until September 16, 2021 were considered for inclusion. The PRISMA framework was used for literature search and selection and, finally, 153 studies focused on 52 cities of Iran were selected for the systematic review. Findings In general, the results showed that the level of resilience was low in Iranian cities. Also, informal settlements, worn-out urban fabrics and the central parts of cities showed lower resilience than other parts. Originality/value The results of the study can be used to inform municipal authorities, urban planners and non-governmental organizations of the actions that need to be taken to enhance the resilience of Iranian cities.

Purpose Housing policy is a key tool in urban development and has multiple functions that directly affect human welfare. This study aims to review housing policies in Iran from a critical perspective. In fact, the study and pathology of housing policies are considered in this research. Design/methodology/approach To advance this research, a quantitative (fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy AHP) method was used to rank the policies and the qualitative method (interview and literature review) was used for the pathology of housing policies. Findings The failure of policies to provide housing in Iran is decisive, but social housing policy has a relative superiority to other policies. Causes of failure of Iranian housing policies are as follows in a pathological perspective: commodification and speculative approach to housing; lake of social and physical sustainability; social stratification and classification; inconsistency with environmental conditions; non-indigenous nature of housing policies; exclusion of local institutions in the decision-making process; and the dominance of a populist perspective on housing. Originality/value This study is a comprehensive study because it has been extracted from the dissertation. By reading this study, the reader will be aware of the general conditions of the Iranian housing sector.

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of an urban system to fully recover from unforeseen calamities. This study aims to assess the physical resilience indicators used to measure urban resilience in Tehran, the political and economic capital of Iran, and to pinpoint the most significant direct and indirect influences on urban resilience. The research process divided into two parts. The environmental scanning approach (reviewing papers and published sources, interviewing specialists, and monitoring conferences) and the literature review were employed in the first part to compile a database of the key information on the elements impacting physical resilience. The most significant factors impacting physical resilience over the next ten years were requested to be identified by specialists and intellectuals in the second part. Finally, the MicMac program was used to analyze the data after 29 variables were specified in Delphi. In light of the trace-analysis-dependence diagram, which depicts the instability of the influential factors and the persistence of their impact on other variables, the results demonstrate that Tehran’s physical resilience is in an unstable condition. According to the results, the factors that have the maximum impact on other variables are granularity drivers, emergency evacuation capacity, rescue and security spaces (emergency, fire station, and police station), impermeability, rate of the amendment and retrofitting measures in the buildings of each zone, building age, and the compatibility of land uses. The variables that are most susceptible to change from other variables include the distribution status of dangerous land uses, the quality of the buildings, the rate of historically vulnerable buildings, the vulnerability of internal and external roads, the rate of improvements and retrofitting measures in buildings in each zone, as well as historically vulnerable historical buildings.

Land use change and land cover are considered as some of the important and effective factors of global environmental change. Therefore, understanding and predicting the causes, processes, and consequences of land use change has become a major global challenge. Kabul is the most populated city in Afghanistan. The face of Kabul has changed after a relatively peaceful period since 2001. The purpose of this study is to analyze land use change in Kabul from 2001 to 2019. We used the quantitative approach to analyse data provided by satellite images of Kabul in 2001 and 2019 from Landsat 8 and 7. Data was processed in ERDAS IMAGINE and Arc Map software to results in the final output. Urban land cover was classified into four classes, namely built-up area, green area, empty space, and mountain, and land cover changes were detected. The results of the image comparison between 2001 and 2019 show that the aggregated built-up area and empty space land cover increased by 69.1749 sq km and, correspondingly, 45.2538 sq km, whereas the green area decreased by 113.4216 sq km. We concluded that land cover has changed improperly. The rate of urban green space per individual is currently very low. These results indicate that the city is in a critical urban situation and the government should provide a comprehensive plan for controlling urban growth and fixing the problems caused by improper land use change in the city.

Original meiotic chromosome counts are presented for nine endemic species in seven families of Angiosperms from Iran including: Arum giganteum Ghahr. (Araceae) (n=14), Caccinia actinobole Bunge (Boraginaceae) (n=8), Delphinium aquilegifolium (Boiss.) Bornm. (Ranunculaceae) (n=8), Diplotaenia damavandica Mozaff., Hedge et Lamond (Apiaceae) (n=11), Gypsophila caricifolia Boiss. (Caryophyllaceae) (n=17), Iphiona arachnoidea (Boiss.) Anderb. (Asteraceae) (n=9), Moltkia gypsacea Rech. f. et Aellen (Boraginaceae) (n=20), Onobrychis gaubae Bornm. (Fabaceae) (n=8) and Onosma platyphyllum Riedl (Boraginaceae) (n=9). Eight counts are reported for the first time. Furthermore, the previous chromosome count for Iphiona aracnoidea is corrected. Based on cytological data the species status of Moltkia gypsacea is confirmed; it is not merely synonymous with M. coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. The basic chromosome number n=11 is reported in the genus Diplotaenia for the first time.

The aim of the present study was to appraisal the prose and cone of Shiraz City in terms of its potential in the context of health tourism.The statistical sample included medical and health tourism sector in the city of Shiraz in the northwest of Fars Province, south of Iran. The efficient authorities on the topic were identified through the hospitals engaging in medical tourism. The research was based on theoretical sampling through which the experienced people of extensive knowledge on medical tourism were interviewed.Active hospitals on attraction foreign patients averagely admit 15 and 50 foreign patients monthly and annually, respectively. Arab countries in the Persian Gulf were detected as the main marketing for Shiraz medical tourism. Oman encompassed the highest rate with 20% of admitted patients. Eye treatments with 30% and orthopedic with 6% were demonstrated as the highest and lowest rates in terms of foreign patients' needs, respectively. Closeness of cultural and religious beliefs and familial relationships on one hand and trusting to Iranian physicians on the other hand were amongst the most reasons for selecting Iran as a destination for medical tourism by patients.Implementing 4 strategies on monitoring medical tourism would result into significant improvement of attracting more foreigner patients not only into Shiraz but all around Iran. These items have been discussed in the text.

Muslim geographers and scholars have made a significant contribution to the evolution and development of the science of geography from the earliest times. This article describes some of these contributions, including the pioneering explorations of early Muslim travellers, then moves on to consider the influence of Islamic ideology on the thinking of Muslim geographers during the medieval period in particular The fundamentals of this ideology are described to give a context for understanding the perspective adopted by Muslim geographers, in particular in their explanations of regional differences, and the relationship between the Earth and planets.