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Introduction to the Hospitality Industry
\"Readers preparing to work in hospitality will enter a field that is quickly evolving. The rise of the global economy, ecotourism, internet commerce, and changing consumer demands are just some of the factors they will be dealing with in this exciting and dynamic industry. This new edition gives readers the foundation they need to thrive in today's hospitality industry, covering everything from finance to operational issues. The Eighth Edition of Introduction to the Hospitality Industry features both historical perspectives and discussions of new trends in a variety of sectors. This edition includes additional international examples of hospitality and tourism operations have been included throughout the text. This book covers all the latest trends, challenges, and opportunities in the hospitality industry. Readers will have a strong overview of the industry, where it fits into the broader world, the major issues and challenges in the field, and the many possible career paths that await them\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Psychology of Coercion Failure
When confronted with coercive threats, targets often stand firm rather than back down. We identify one important yet unrecognized factor that causes actors to resist threats: psychological reactance. Reactance theory explains that when someone perceives a threat to their freedom to make choices, they attempt to restore their autonomy by refusing to capitulate. The result is unwillingness to concede to coercion that extends beyond rational incentives. We test for reactance as a cause of coercion failure with two novel experiments. Each experiment pairs a coercive threat treatment with a matched “natural costs” counterpart that imposes the same choice on the target without intentional action by a coercer. Controlling for prominent alternative explanations, including costs, benefits, power, credibility, and reputation, we find that the targets of threats capitulate less frequently and more often support aggression against their opponents.
Journal Article
Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry
\"Readers seeking management careers in hospitality will enter a dynamic industry filled with opportunities. The rewards are many, but so are the challenges. Today's hospitality managers must deal with such complex factors as globalization, terrorism threats, ecotourism, internet commerce, new business and financial models, and rapidly changing consumer demands. Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry, 10th Edition gives readers the industry know-how and the management skills needed to thrive in all aspects of the field, from food service to lodging to tourism. The Tenth Edition of Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry features both historical perspectives and discussions of new trends in a variety of sectors. This book has the most thorough coverage of the hospitality industry, covering foodservice, lodging, and travel and tourism, hospitality careers, and hospitality management. Upon successful completion of this text, readers will have a strong grasp of the many facets of the hospitality industry\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Igniting the Fire: Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis
Inflammation: An Early S. aureus Insult in Sepsis The clinical manifestations of sepsis span a continuum of severity, in the most extreme form termed \"septic shock,\" in which vascular insults and systemic inflammation lead to compromised cardiac function and blood pressure, culminating in impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues and organ failure. Overview of S. aureus virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis. (a) Leukocytes are targeted and injured by bi-component leukocidins (PVL, LukAB/GH, LukED, and Hlg, blue and orange), phenol-soluble modulins (PSM, purple), and α-toxin (Hla, green). (b) Inhibition of host complement pathways occurs through Chemotaxis Inhibitory Protein of Staphylococci (CHIPS) binding to the C5a receptor and (c) Staphylococcal Complement Inhibitor (SCIN)-mediated blockade of C3 convertase activity. (d) Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) binds to host antibodies, preventing opsonophagocytosis and contributing to apoptotic death of B cells. (e) Coagulase (Coa) and von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp) initiate fibrin clot formation, facilitating the formation of staphylococcal aggregates in the blood through the action of clumping factors A and B (ClfA/B). (f) Platelet traps surround staphylococci that adhere to macrophage-like Kupffer cells in the liver sinusoid. (g) Fibronectin-binding proteins A and B (FnBPA/B) bind to integrin α5β1, enabling the tethering of S. aureus to endothelial cells in the context of blood flow. (h) Expression of S. aureus α-toxin (Hla) causes direct injury to the endothelium, disrupting the integrity of the endothelial barrier.
Journal Article
Checking Agriculture’s Pulse: Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.), Sustainability, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency
Investigations regarding the incorporation of better sustainable production strategies into current agricultural-food systems are necessary to grow crops that reduce negative impacts on the environment yet will meet the production and nutritional demand of 10 billion people by 2050. The introduction of organic, alternative staple food crops, such as nutrient-dense field pea (
L.), to the everyday diet, may alleviate micronutrient malnutrition and incorporate more sustainable agriculture practices globally. Varieties are grown in organic systems currently yield less than conventionally produced foods, with less bioavailable nutrients, due to poor soil nutrient content. One of the most limiting nutrients for field pea is phosphorus (P) because this legume crop requires significant inputs for nodule formation. Therefore, P use efficiency (PUE) should be a breeding target for sustainable agriculture and biofortification efforts; the important role of the soil microbiome in nutrient acquisition should also be examined. The objectives of this review are to highlight the benefits of field pea for organic agriculture and human health, and discuss nutritional breeding strategies to increase field pea production in organic systems. Field pea and other pulse crops are underrepresented in agricultural research, yet are important crops for a sustainable future and better food systems. Furthermore, because field pea is consumed globally by both developed and at-risk populations, research efforts could help increase global health overall and combat micronutrient malnutrition.
Journal Article
Targeting tumor-derived NLRP3 reduces melanoma progression by limiting MDSCs expansion
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)–mediated inflammation suppresses antitumor immunity, leading to the generation of a tumor-permissive environment, tumor growth, and progression. Here, we demonstrate that nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in melanoma is linked to IL-1β production, inflammation, and immunosuppression. Analysis of cancer genome datasets (TCGA and GTEx) revealed greater NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in cutaneous melanoma samples (n = 469) compared to normal skin (n = 324), with a highly significant correlation between NLRP3 and IL-1β (P < 0.0001). We show the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in biopsies of metastatic melanoma using fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis for NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. In vivo, tumor-associated NLRP3/IL-1 signaling induced expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), leading to reduced natural killer and CD8⁺ T cell activity concomitant with an increased presence of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the primary tumors. Either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of tumor-derived NLRP3 by dapansutrile (OLT1177) was sufficient to reduce MDSCs expansion and to enhance antitumor immunity, resulting in reduced tumor growth. Additionally, we observed that the combination of NLRP3 inhibition and anti–PD-1 treatment significantly increased the antitumor efficacy of the monotherapy by limiting MDSC-mediated T cell suppression and tumor progression. These data show that NLRP3 activation in melanoma cells is a protumor mechanism, which induces MDSCs expansion and immune evasion. We conclude that inhibition of NLRP3 can augment the efficacy of anti–PD-1 therapy.
Journal Article
Langerhans cells and cDC1s play redundant roles in mRNA-LNP induced protective anti-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses
Nucleoside modified mRNA combined with Acuitas Therapeutics’ lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has been shown to support robust humoral immune responses in many preclinical animal vaccine studies and later in humans with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We recently showed that this platform is highly inflammatory due to the LNPs’ ionizable lipid component. The inflammatory property is key to support the development of potent humoral immune responses. However, the mechanism by which this platform drives T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and humoral immune responses remains unknown. Here we show that lack of Langerhans cells or cDC1s neither significantly affected the induction of PR8 HA and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific Tfh cells and humoral immune responses, nor susceptibility towards the lethal challenge of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. However, the combined deletion of these two DC subsets led to a significant decrease in the induction of PR8 HA and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific Tfh cell and humoral immune responses. Despite these observed defects, these mice remained protected from lethal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 challenges. We further found that IL-6, unlike neutrophils, was required to generate normal Tfh cells and antibody responses, but not for protection from influenza challenge. In summary, here we bring evidence that the mRNA-LNP platform can support the induction of protective immune responses in the absence of certain innate immune cells and cytokines.
Journal Article
Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback
Adolescence is a developmental period marked by heightened attunement to social evaluation. While adults have been shown to enact self-protective processes to buffer their self-views from evaluative threats like peer rejection, it is unclear whether adolescents avail themselves of the same defenses. The present study examines how social evaluation shapes views of the self and others differently across development. N = 107 participants ages 10–23 completed a reciprocal social evaluation task that involved predicting and receiving peer acceptance and rejection feedback, along with assessments of self-views and likability ratings of peers. Here, we show that, despite equivalent experiences of social evaluation, adolescents internalized peer rejection, experiencing a feedback-induced drop in self-views, whereas adults externalized peer rejection, reporting a task-induced boost in self-views and deprecating the peers who rejected them. The results identify codeveloping processes underlying why peer rejection may lead to more dramatic alterations in self-views during adolescence than other phases of the lifespan.
Journal Article
Tumor NLRP3-Derived IL-1β Drives the IL-6/STAT3 Axis Resulting in Sustained MDSC-Mediated Immunosuppression
Tumors evade the immune system by inducing inflammation. In melanoma, tumor-derived IL-1β drives inflammation and the expansion of highly immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Similar in many tumors, melanoma is also linked to the downstream IL‐6/STAT3 axis. In this study, we observed that both recombinant and tumor-derived IL-1β specifically induce pSTAT3(Y705), creating a tumor-autoinflammatory loop, which amplifies IL-6 signaling in the human melanoma cell line 1205Lu. To disrupt IL-1β/IL-6/STAT3 axis, we suppressed IL-1β-mediated inflammation by inhibiting the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) using OLT1177, a safe-in-humans specific NLRP3 oral inhibitor. In vivo , using B16F10 melanoma, OLT1177 effectively reduced tumor progression ( p < 0.01); in primary tumors, OLT1177 decreased pSTAT3(Y705) by 82% ( p <0.01) and II6 expression by 53% ( p <0.05). Disruption of tumor-derived NLRP3, either pharmacologically or genetically, reduced STAT3 signaling in bone marrow cells. In PMN-MDSCs isolated from tumor-bearing mice treated with OLT1177, we observed significant reductions in immunosuppressive genes such as Pdcd1l1 , Arg1 , Il10 and Tgfb1 . In conclusion, the data presented here show that the inhibition of NLRP3 reduces IL-1β induction of pSTAT3(Y705) preventing expression of immunosuppressive genes as well as activity in PMN-MDSCs.
Journal Article
Clinical and Therapeutic Considerations for Older Adults with Head and Neck Cancer
Approximately 30% of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at least 70 years of age, and this percentage is expected to increase as the population increases and lives longer. Elderly patients are underrepresented in head and neck oncology clinical trials, and there is minimal evidence on the management of HNSCC for this population. Subsequently, despite their best intentions, physicians may unknowingly recommend an ill-suited course of therapy, which may result in suboptimal oncological or functional outcomes or adverse events. Surgical approaches have the potential to carry a higher risk of morbidity and mortality in older adults, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities. Definitive radiation therapy treatment in patients with HNSCC frequently involves 7 weeks of daily radiation, sometimes with concurrent chemotherapy, and this demanding treatment can be difficult for older adult patients, which may lead to treatment interruptions, potential removal of concurrent systemic therapy, compromised outcomes, and diminished quality of life. There are clinical trials currently underway investigating altered fractionation regimens and novel, less toxic systemic treatments in this population. This review provides an overview of how best to approach an older adult with HNSCC, from initial work-up to treatment selection.
Journal Article