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In this study, molecular interactions of the ligands, quercetin, gallic acid, and metformin with various diabetes mellitus-related protein targets, such as glycogen phosphorylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were assessed. It was revealed that quercetin possesses good binding affinity to both targets. Quercetin is a major constituent of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The antihyperglycemic effect of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. The isolated quercetin administered at a dose of 75mg/kg body weight produced a maximum decrease of 14.78% in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment. Furthermore, quercetin doses of 50 and 75mg/kg were shown to significantly improve the profiles of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at the end of the study in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of quercetin (25, 50, and 75mg/kg body weight) daily for 28 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose and urine sugar levels, with a considerable rise in plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels. Therefore, quercetin is a potential drug with antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action mediated by changes in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides as indicated by in silico and in vivo studies.

The present research successfully validates a sustainable, straightforward, cost-effective, and non-toxic biosynthesis of biologically active copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using cow urine distillate (CUD), a traditional component of Vedic medicine. The study also investigates the effect of different process variables: reductant concentration, pH, reaction temperature, and reaction time, employing a factorial design approach (Box-Behnken design) on the synthesis of CUD-CuNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation, showing surface plasmon resonance peaks between 269 and 275 nm. Morphological analysis using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray demonstrated the formation of spherical nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed a crystalline structure with prominent reflections at 43.4°, 50.5°, and 74.2°. The synthesized CUD-CuNPs had an average size of 232.76 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.421, and a zeta potential of -16.45 mV. Antimicrobial assessment of CUD-CuNPs using the agar well diffusion assay demonstrated their bactericidal potential against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , with remarkable inhibitory zones of 25.66 ± 0.57 mm. Significant inhibition was also observed against E. coli (25.66 ± 0.57 mm) and B. subtilis (25.25 ± 1.00 mm). Furthermore, CUD-CuNPs significantly suppressed the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC 50 values of 30.88 ± 1.07 µg/mL and 24.94 ± 1.02 µg/mL, respectively. In DPPH, nitric oxide, and H 2 O 2 scavenging assays, CUD-CuNPs exhibited considerably stronger radical scavenging activity than CUD. This enhanced potency indicates a promising avenue for utilizing biosynthesized CUD-CuNPs in developing therapeutic drugs.

Most of the medical and nonmedical research labs, all around the world, are racing against time to produce an effective vaccine or an antiviral medicine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Conventional medicines and novel nano‐materials including chemical and herbal‐based compounds are all into positive trials toward coronaviruses and other pandemic infections. Among them, natural immune boosters have attracted physicians because of their longevity and reliability for fewer side effects. This is a review article with a detailed picture of an unexplored antiviral source with maximum potency in curing viral infections. Cyanobacteriae have been known for centuries and are rich in secondary metabolites of proteins, biopeptides, and polysaccharides for prominent antiviral action against chest infections. But detailed exploratory research is required to purify, scale‐up, and commercialize the pharmacologically active agents from these drug reserves.

Background Mosquitoes are major vectors of life threatening diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika, malaria, West Nile fever, and Japanese encephalitis, posing significant global public health challenges. The widespread emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides, coupled with their adverse environmental impacts, has intensified the need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. In this context, plant derived phytocompounds have gained attention as potential larvicidal agents. Results The methanolic leaf extract of Coleus aromaticus demonstrated potential larvicidal activity against different stages of Aedes albopictus . The LC 50 values were determined as 81.73 ppm (second instar), 94.77 ppm (third instar), 107.33 ppm (fourth instar), and 136.06 ppm (pupa), indicating stage dependent susceptibility. Molecular docking analysis targeting the Ae. albopictus labrum interacting saliva 2 protein (LIPS-2) (PDB ID: 7TDR) revealed notable binding affinities of phytoconstituents, including rutin (-5.536 kcal/mol), apigenin (-5.413 kcal/mol), carvacrol (-5.203 kcal/mol), and quercetin (-5.131 kcal/mol). Furthermore, in silico ecotoxicological assessment using ProTox-3.0 predicted low toxicity profiles for the evaluated compounds, supporting their environmental safety. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that C. aromaticus possesses potent larvicidal activity and its bioactive phytocompounds exhibit significant molecular interactions with target proteins, along with low predicted ecotoxicity. These results highlight its potential as a promising, eco-friendly alternative for the development of sustainable mosquito vector control strategies. Graphical Abstract

Partial shadowing is still a major obstacle to optimizing photovoltaic (PV) performance, even though solar energy makes up 45% of India’s 81GW renewable capacity. In order to maximize current flow without requiring real-time switching hardware, this study suggests a “octopus-type” electrical reconfiguration—a static, biomimetic technique modeled after the coordinated movement of octopus tentacles. This method was created especially for large-scale static installations. It was verified using a 8*8 PV array in 18 different shading patterns and contrasted with configurations like as the Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), L-Shape, Odd-Even, and Latin Square configurations. The findings show that the octopus-type reconfiguration works better than TCT in 11 of the 18 shading scenarios, resulting in a 56% increase in output power and Fill Factor and a considerable reduction in mismatch and power losses. This robust, organic-inspired setup provides an excellent way to improve energy extraction in areas that are prone to shading.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The excessive activity of AChE causes various neuronal problems, particularly dementia and neuronal cell deaths. Generally, anti-AChE drugs induce some serious neuronal side effects in humans. Therefore, this study sought to identify alternative drug molecules from natural products with fewer side effects than those of conventional drugs for treating AD. To achieve this, we developed computational methods for predicting drug and target binding affinities using the Schrodinger suite. The target and ligand molecules were retrieved from established databases. The target enzyme has 539 amino acid residues in its sequence alignment. Ligand molecules of 20 bioactive molecules were obtained from different kinds of plants, after which we performed critical analyses such as molecular docking; molecular dynamic (MD) simulations; and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis. In the docking studies, the natural compound rutin showed a superior docking score of −12.335 with a good binding energy value of −73.313kcal/mol. Based on these findings, rutin and the target complex was used to perform MD simulations to analyze rutin stability at 30ns. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that rutin is a superior drug candidate for AD. Therefore, we propose that this molecule is worth further investigation using in vitro studies.

The recent reemergence of the monkeypox pandemic in non-endemic regions has raised serious concerns regarding the possibility of a global outbreak. The study employed various modules of the Schrodinger suite through Maestro V 14.1 for molecular docking, MD simulations, MM-GBSA, and FMO. To explore the drug potential of Kabasura Kudineer against the key proteins of the Mpox virus: E5, poxin, and DNA polymerase, a total of 982 chemical constituents belonging to this herbal formulation were investigated. The molecular docking studies revealed that chlorogenic acid, chebulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and citric acid had high binding affinities for E5, with docking scores of −13.3289, −11.3933, −9.8999, and −9.59471 kcal/mol, respectively. Likewise, caffeic acid, citric acid, and plumbagic acid have good binding affinities for poxin with docking scores of −8.49023, −6.80386 and −5.91719 kcal/mol, respectively. Plumbagic acid and delphinidin have considerable binding affinities for DNA polymerase with docking scores of −7.57867 and −7.55301 kcal/mol, respectively. In the MD simulation, chlorogenic acid, chebulic acid, citric acid, and rosmarinic acid exhibited remarkable stability with strong binding affinities for the E5, poxin and DNA polymerase. We further explored the stability of the E5 complexes by calculating the binding free energy every 20 ns for 100 ns. The ΔG bind values of chlorogenic acid, chebulic acid, and rosmarinic acid were 61.10, 78.14, and 75.49 kcal/mol at 0 ns. Hence, the research suggests that this formulation has antiviral potential against Monkeypox and can be used to inhibit viral replication in hosts and boost the antiviral immune response.

Currently, there is increasing concern about severe illnesses, particularly those caused by viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and arboviruses [...].Currently, there is increasing concern about severe illnesses, particularly those caused by viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and arboviruses [...].

Peripheral nerve injuries are common complications in surgical and dental practices, often resulting in functional deficiencies and reduced quality of life. Current treatment choices, such as autografts, have limitations, including donor site morbidity and suboptimal outcomes. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown assuring regenerative potential due to their accessibility, ease of harvesting and propagation, and multipotent properties. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of ADSCs in peripheral nerve regeneration, focusing on their use in bioengineered nerve conduits and supportive microenvironments. The analysis is constructed on published case reports, organized reviews, and clinical trials from Phase I to Phase III that investigate ADSCs in managing nerve injuries, emphasizing both peripheral and orofacial applications. The findings highlight the advantages of ADSCs in promoting nerve regeneration, including their secretion of angiogenic and neurotrophic factors, support for cellular persistence, and supplementing scaffold-based tissue repair. The regenerative capabilities of ADSCs in peripheral nerve injuries offer a novel approach to augmenting nerve repair and functional recovery. The accessibility of adipose tissue and the minimally invasive nature of ADSC harvesting further encourage its prospective application as an autologous cell source in regenerative medicine. Future research is needed to ascertain standardized protocols and optimize clinical outcomes, paving the way for ADSCs to become a mainstay in nerve regeneration.

Main conclusionMillets’ protein studies are lagging behind those of major cereals. Current status and future insights into the investigation of millet proteins are discussed.Millets are important small-seeded cereals majorly grown and consumed by people in Asia and Africa and are considered crops of future food security. Although millets possess excellent climate resilience and nutrient supplementation properties, their research advancements have been lagging behind major cereals. Although considerable genomic resources have been developed in recent years, research on millet proteins and proteomes is currently limited, highlighting a need for further investigation in this area. This review provides the current status of protein research in millets and provides insights to understand protein responses for climate resilience and nutrient supplementation in millets. The reference proteome data is available for sorghum, foxtail millet, and proso millet to date; other millets, such as pearl millet, finger millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet, tef, and browntop millet, do not have any reference proteome data. Many studies were reported on stress-responsive protein identification in foxtail millet, with most studies on the identification of proteins under drought-stress conditions. Pearl millet has a few reports on protein identification under drought and saline stress. Finger millet is the only other millet to have a report on stress-responsive (drought) protein identification in the leaf. For protein localization studies, foxtail millet has a few reports. Sorghum has the highest number of 40 experimentally proven crystal structures, and other millets have fewer or no experimentally proven structures. Further proteomics studies will help dissect the specific proteins involved in climate resilience and nutrient supplementation and aid in breeding better crops to conserve food security.