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Groundwater quality in rural Chandwara block in Jharkhand State in India is crucial to human livelihood in the region. A study undertaken to examine groundwater quality and consumption patterns in the region revealed that average water consumption per family and per capita were 200–517 and 19.7–47 L per day, respectively, while per capita potable water consumption was 1.2‒4.37 L per day. Groundwater samples were collected primarily from tube-wells and a few from dug-wells (n = 143) in the block during post-monsoon season of 2018–2019 (October 2018 to March 2019). Water quality parameters like Fe, TDS, Total hardness, Ca and turbidity were above the permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and WHO in 68%, 36%, 39%, 58% and 15.4% of groundwater samples, respectively. Most of the samples (67.9%) belonged to Ca–Mg–HCO3 class while a few (28.6%) were Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl type and the rest (3.6%) were in Ca–Mg–Cl class. As per Gibbs Plot, most samples belonged to the rock weathering region, implying contribution of rock forming minerals to groundwater chemistry. Factor analysis revealed that water quality was controlled by four principal factors to the extents of 43.3, 13.5, 10.9 and 7.3%, respectively, making a cumulative contribution of about 75%. Parameter loading in Factor 1 strongly indicated to various salts dissolving in groundwater from the rocks while Factor 2 was loaded by Fe coming from Fe-bearing rocks and turbidity that is positively influenced by the former. Factor 3 is loaded by pH and alkalinity, pointing to the role of carbonates contributed by the rocks while factor 4, which is loaded by F− and Na, indicates to F−incorporation in water from NaF-bearing rocks.

Groundwater quality was evaluated with a special emphasis on fluoride (F − ) and iron (Fe) concentration, hydrogeochemical facies and suitability in terms of potability and irrigation (n = 32) was assessed in the mixed Ferricrete and Calcrete bearing region under 11 Gram-Panchayats in Gangarampur Block situated in South Dinajpur District of state of West Bengal in India in 2020. F − and Fe concentrations were beyond safe limits for drinking water (> 1.0 mg L −1 ) in 81.3% and 59.4% samples, respectively. Maximum recorded F − concentration was 4.6 mg L −1 while the lowest was 0.7 mg L −1 while Fe was 0.2–3.9 mg L −1 . Nitrate (NO 3 − ) concentration (13.4‒39.4 mg L −1 ) was found to be high vis a vis the reported levels of NO 3 in some other regions of West Bengal but was always lower than the prescribed safe limit (45 mg L −1 ) for drinking water. Non-carcinogenic risk posed by F − exposure breached the Hazard Quotent limit in almost all samples for children (< 20 years) and adults (20–70 years) in the study area. A newly modified vulnerability assessment method was introduced and found 3 GPs amongst 11 GPs in the study area were highly vulnerable while 3 and 1 GPs respectively came under low and very low vulnerable areas. In the domain irrigation water quality, 62.5, 34.4, 25, 18.75 and samples were not found suitable for irrigating crops in terms of Permeability Index, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Residual Sodium Carbonate and Kelly’s Index, respectively.

Groundwater quality in Hili, a semi-arid border region at Indo-Bangladesh border, was investigated in the post-monsoon season of 2021, succeeded by assessment of probabilistic health risk arising from fluoride (F − ) and iron (Fe) intake, with the hypothesis that groundwater quality of the region was not satisfactory for human consumption and health, considering earlier reports on high groundwater F − and Fe in few of the neighboring districts. All water samples were found to be potable in terms of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , SO 4 2− and NO 3 −, , but F − and Fe exceeded prescribed safe limits for drinking water in about 48% and 7% samples. Almost all water samples were found to be good for irrigation in terms of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Kelly’s index (KI), %Na and magnesium ratio (MR). The principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major factors influencing groundwater quality, explaining about 71.8% of total variance and indicated that groundwater quality was primarily influenced by geochemical factors. Carbonate and silicate weathering were mainly responsible for dissolution of minerals in groundwater. Non-carcinogenic risk due to cumulative impact of F − and Fe intake was in the order of THI Children  > THI Infant  > THI Adult . As per Monte Carlo simulation run with 5000 trials to ascertain the order of probabilistic health risk, the most dominant governing factors behind non-carcinogenic risk caused by F − and Fe intake were their concentration (Ci) followed by ingestion rate (IR), and exposure duration (ED).

Groundwater is prime and major source of drinking water in our world. Groundwater in Jharkhand is also used for drinking, domestic, irrigation, mining and industrial etc. purposes. In Jharkhand some population are suffering from scarcity of pure drinking water and some population have partial facility with drinking water as groundwater of many area of Jharkhand are contaminated with fluoride, arsenic, heavy metals and iron etc. dangerous chemicals. This review paper focuses on current status of groundwater and contamination of different water quality parameters based on major ion chemistry in Jharkhand. The discussed water quality parameters in this study are water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate.

The present article analyses the reflection and refraction phenomena of an incident shear horizontal wave at the lower interface of corrugated anisotropic magnetoelastic medium sandwiched between an upper self-reinforced half-space and a lower heterogeneous viscoelastic half-space. Rayleigh’s approximation method and Snell’s law are employed to obtain an algebraic equation, which is solved by the application of Cramer’s method to determine the reflection and refraction coefficients for the reflected and refracted shear horizontal waves up to first order. The boundary conditions involve the continuity of displacements and stresses at the lower and upper common corrugated interfaces of the sandwiched anisotropic magnetoelastic medium. The deduced reflection and refraction coefficients depend on various parameters, viz. width of the sandwiched layer, anisotropic magnetoelastic constants, heterogeneity parameter, viscoelastic parameter and wave number. These reflected and transmitted coefficients are computed numerically, and their variation due to the affecting parameters is illustrated graphically against angle of incidence. The critical angle and slowness section are also determined for the shear horizontal wave propagating in the considered medium. Moreover, magnitude of energy distributed among each of the reflected and refracted waves is also computed. As a special case, the obtained results are found in well agreement with the pre-established results existing in the literature.

The propagation of SH wave in a heterogeneous initially stressed viscoelastic layer lying over a heterogeneous initially stressed orthotropic half-space due to a point source is analysed mathematically. The dispersion equation of SH wave is obtained for the propagation of SH wave in a specified model. The method of Green’s function and Fourier transformation is incorporated to obtain the dispersion equation. The curves of dispersion equation are sketched for various values of heterogeneous parameters and initial stress on angular frequency, phase velocity and damping velocity in respect of wave number. The dispersion equation is derived for some special cases which reduces to the classical equation of Love-type wave. The present study reveals the effect of heterogeneous parameter and initial stress associated with both viscoelastic and orthotropic media.

Climate change impacts agricultural productivity and farmers’ income, integrated farming systems (IFS) provide a mechanism to cope with such impacts. The nature and extent of climatic aberrations, perceived impact, and adaptation strategies by the farmers reduce the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate 2160 IFS farmers about their perceptions of climate change, barriers, and the likelihood of adapting to the negative impacts of climate change. The study observed an increasing rainfall trend for humid (4.18 mm/year) and semi-arid (0.35 mm/year) regions, while a decreasing trend was observed in sub-humid (−2.02 mm/year) and arid (−0.20 mm/year) regions over the last 38 years. The annual rise in temperature trends observed in different ACZs varied between 0.011–0.014 °C. Nearly 79% of IFS farmers perceived an increase in temperature, decreasing rainfall, variability in the onset of monsoon, heavy terminal rains, mid-season dry spells, and frequent floods due to climate change. The arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid farmers’ adapted several measures in different components with an adaption index of 50.2%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 91.6%, respectively. The majority of the IFS farmers perceived constraints in adopting measures to climate change, such as meta barriers, capacity barriers, and water barriers. Therefore, we infer that educated farmers involved in diversified and profitable farms with small to medium landholdings are concerned more about climate change in undertaking adaptive strategies to reduce the environmental impact of climate change.

Ready-mix formulation consists of two insecticides—endosulfan (35 %) and cypermethrin (5 %). To understand the dissipation pattern of the insecticides on made tea from the north-east region of India, it was applied twice in 10 day interval @ 1,000 mL/ha (350 g a.i. endosulfan + 50 g a.i. cypermethrin) and 2,000 mL/ha (700 g a.i. endosulfan + 100 g a.i. cypermethrin) along with untreated control. The made tea samples were collected at 0, 1, 3 and 7 days interval after last application. The dissipation rate of endosulfan and cypermethrin followed first order kinetics. The calculated half-life values were found in the range between 1.7 to 2.1 days for endosulfan and 1.0 to 1.1 days for cypermethrin.

Triploid Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) showed sterility and higher growth potential than the normal diploid fish. Activities of some metabolic enzymes such as cytosolic NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), mitochondrial NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were evaluated in liver, brain and kidney along with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P D) in ovary of female triploid catfish. Activities of these enzymes showed distinct seasonal periodicity, mostly with highest activities in prespawning and spawning periods, in both diploid and triploid catfish but differed in magnitude. In triploid liver, GPT showed higher activity than the diploid counterpart in prespawning and spawning periods. On the contrary, mitochondrial NAD-MDH and cytosolic NADP-MDH in this organ showed a consistent lower activity than the diploid in all stages or in some stages of reproductive cycle respectively. Interestingly, none of the enzymes in brain and kidney of triploid female catfish showed significant changes in comparison to the diploid counterpart. The triploid ovary maintained a significantly lower level of G-6-P D activity throughout the resting, preparatory and pre-spawning periods compared to the diploid ovary. Lower level of malic enzymes (NAD-MDH and NADP-MDH) in liver and G-6-P D in ovary are in close synchrony with lower level of estradiol-17beta in plasma of female triploids as found in earlier study.