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Development of next-generation photonic device necessitates employing vitreous materials with high optical nonlinearities and low optical limiting thresholds. Additionally, the high nonlinear photonic glasses are suitable for nuclear radiation shielding applications. Herein, the borate-based glass specimens bearing significant amounts of heavy metal oxides (Bi 2 O 3 and PbO) activated with various quantities of Eu 2 O 3 have been explored for optical limiting, nonlinear photonic, and nuclear radiation shielding applications. Efficacy of Eu 2 O 3 content on functional features has been assessed and discussed the outcomes in detail. The open aperture Z-scan results unveiled the enhancement in two-photon absorption coefficient and reduction in optical limiting threshold with Eu 2 O 3 amount in the glass composition. Further, certain fundamental attenuation factors such as mass attenuation and linear attenuation coefficients were estimated utilizing Phy–X software in the energy ranges between 0.284 and 2.506 MeV. The mass attenuation and the linear attenuation coefficients were found to improve with the inclusion of more and more Eu 2 O 3 in the glass compositions. The outcomes of the study clearly revealed that the high Eu 2 O 3 activated lanthanum heavy metal borate glasses are productive in optical limiting, nonlinear optical, and gamma radiation shielding strategies to cutoff the high energy electromagnetic and nuclear radiations. The comparative study further validates that the La 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 –Eu 2 O 3 glasses are more advantageous than La 2 O 3 –PbO–B 2 O 3 –Eu 2 O 3 glasses.

The newly synthesized 3,3′-((3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one) (3-BMH) derivative have been investigated in a selected number of organic solvents having different polarity and refractive index at room temperature. From the absorption and emission spectra of the synthesized derivative in studied solvents showed bathochromic shift in both the cases (Uv-vis and emission spectra), the ground state dipole moment (μg) and excited state dipole moment (μe) were obtained by implementing [Chamma-Kwaski-Villate, Bakhshiev, Lippert-Mataga, McRay and Suppan] solvatochromic shift techniques depending on solvent polarity parameters. The larger dipole moment value is observed in the excited state as compared to the ground state dipole moment and this discrepancy in the dipole moment value is due to polar nature of the molecule. From the results of both experimental and theoretical energy gap is found to 3.14 eV in average, from this, it can be concluded that the 3-BMH molecule showed a good agreement with the semiconducting material bandgap so that the 3-BMH molecule can be used as a potential material for the optoelectronic application. Also, from results of quantum chemical studies, the electrostatic potential maps studies reveal the molecule is how much stable it describes the defining reactivity of the molecule towards positively and negatively charged reactants, size, shape, the location of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites. Further, the optoelectronic properties were investigated the CIE, CRI, color purity and CCT results of the 3-BMH in all studied solvents revels that this compound exhibits blue emission (National television standard committee system (NTSC) for the ideal blue chromacity coordinate 0.14, 0.08) and from the CIE results show the color emission of the molecule in order to design the desired OLED device application.

For the near-infrared emission, Er3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ co-activated borate based glass hosts were synthesized by the method of melting andquenching. The emission intensity was maximum for 0.5 mol% Er3+ singly activated glass in the near-infrared (NIR) region covering the telecommunication window. The 2 mol% of Yb3+ co-doping enhanced the emission gain cross-section of the glass by two times contrast to 0.5 mol% Er3+ loaded glass. This enhancement shifted to lower spectral regions when P increased from 0 to 1. The effect of Yb3+ loading on the gain cross-section of the Er3+ co-activated glasses was analyzed using the McCumber theory. The results showed that the 0.5Er2Yb glass has a flat gain in the range of 1460–1640 nm, this suggest a lower pump threshold is enough to perform the laser functioning of a 1530 nm band and optical window of telecommunication applications.

Efficacy of silver nanoparticles concentration and annealing durations on optical limiting and optical nonlinearities of borate based glasses bearing the composition (79.5– x )B 2 O 3 –15Na 2 O–5La 2 O 3 –0.5Sm 2 O 3 – x AgCl (mol%) was assessed by Z-scan approach under the pumping of visible light (532 nm) in nanosecond regime. The dual photon absorption parameter (α 2 ) was elevated from 0.576 × 10 −11 to 1.201 × 10 −11  m/W with AgCl content from 0 to 0.5 mol%. This α 2 further raised to 1.964 × 10 −11  m/W when the optimized glass host heat treated at 450° C for 25 h. Similarly, the index of nonlinear refraction (n 2 ) was enhanced from 1.642 × 10 −19 to 2.532 × 10 −19 m 2 /W as the AgCl content increased from 0 to 0.5 mol%. This n 2 value in turn monotonously increased to 2.963 × 10 −19 m 2 /W when optimized glass system annealed at 450° C for 25 h. The optical limiting threshold magnitude followed reverse trend compared to α 2 and n 2 . The enhancement in nonlinear optical features and optical limiting efficiencies were related to field stimulated by Ag 0 nanoparticles when excited with high energy radiation. However, the non-uniform local field generated when the glass nanocomposites heated for longer duration resulted the switching of nonlinear absorption. The nonlinear optical and optical limiting results infer the 0.5 mol% AgCl encompassing glass sample annelaed at 450 °C for 25 h is benificail for construction of power optical limiters to operate in the visible range.

Development of next-generation photonic device necessitates employing vitreous materials with high optical nonlinearities and low optical limiting thresholds. Additionally, the high nonlinear photonic glasses are suitable for nuclear radiation shielding applications. Herein, the borate-based glass specimens bearing significant amounts of heavy metal oxides (Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and PbO) activated with various quantities of Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 have been explored for optical limiting, nonlinear photonic, and nuclear radiation shielding applications. Efficacy of Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 content on functional features has been assessed and discussed the outcomes in detail. The open aperture Z-scan results unveiled the enhancement in two-photon absorption coefficient and reduction in optical limiting threshold with Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 amount in the glass composition. Further, certain fundamental attenuation factors such as mass attenuation and linear attenuation coefficients were estimated utilizing Phy-X software in the energy ranges between 0.284 and 2.506 MeV. The mass attenuation and the linear attenuation coefficients were found to improve with the inclusion of more and more Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 in the glass compositions. The outcomes of the study clearly revealed that the high Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 activated lanthanum heavy metal borate glasses are productive in optical limiting, nonlinear optical, and gamma radiation shielding strategies to cutoff the high energy electromagnetic and nuclear radiations. The comparative study further validates that the La.sub.2O.sub.3-Bi.sub.2O.sub.3-B.sub.2O.sub.3-Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 glasses are more advantageous than La.sub.2O.sub.3-PbO-B.sub.2O.sub.3-Eu.sub.2O.sub.3 glasses.

The influence of samarium concentration on the structural, physical and spectroscopic attributes of lithium zinc borate-based glasses with the composition (10-x)Li 2 O-50ZnO-40B 2 O 3 -xSm 2 O 3 (x = 0–4 mol%) is investigated in this study. The glass specimens were fabricated using the melt and quenching process. Their characteristics were explored using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-visible absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Fluorescence spectrophotometer. The study of XRD analysis demonstrated that the synthesized glass specimens were amorphous. The glass has strong BO 3 , BO 4 , OH bonds and other bond types as shown by the FTIR spectra. The prevalence of absorption peaks related to various transitions of the Sm 3+ ion was observed in UV-visible absorption spectra. Judd-Ofelt (JO) spectral analyses of optical absorption spectra were performed to assess the three empirical intensity parameters Ω 2 , Ω 4 , and Ω 6 in order to ascertain the local structure and bonding close to Sm 3+ ions. The emission peak positions (λ p ), radiative transition probabilities (A R ), effective bandwidths (∆λ eff ), stimulated emission cross-section (σ emi ), experimental lifetime (τ rad ) and branching ratio ( β R ) for the 4 G 5/2 → 6 H J (J = 5/2,7/2,9/2, and 11/2) transitions of the trivalent samarium ions were further revealed utilizing the calculated intensity parameters and emission spectra. The decay curve study was performed for all glass specimens to comprehend the mechanisms influencing the transfer of energy between Sm 3+ ions. The findings of 4 mol% Sm 2 O 3 containing LZB glass suggest that it might be beneficial for solid-state laser and orange-red LED applications.

The lanthanum sodium borate glass of composition x Sm 2 O 3 - y AgCl-(80- x - y )B 2 O 3 –15 Na 2 O-5La 2 O 3 (where x  = 0.5 and y  = 0.1 mol %) was prepared and heat treated at a constant temperature of 450° C with different annealing schedules of 10, 20 and 30 h durations to enable the formation and growth of the Ag nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope measurements revealed the existence of Ag nanoparticles in the examined glass specimen. The strong red emission was observed for 4 G 5/2  →  6 H 7/2 inherent transition of samarium ions in the titled glass samples. The robust emission and excitation intensities of Sm 3+ ions are at 10 h annealing durations, and then decrease with increasing annealing durations due to the quenching effect. The transition and radiative properties of various excited levels of Sm 3+ in the titled glass series were estimated, including the branching ratios, stimulated emission cross-section, radiative lifetime, and radiative transition probabilities. The improved luminescence results and better JO features for the 4 G 5/2  →  6 H 7/2 emission transition suggest the glass specimens routed with Ag nanoparticles are beneficial for optoelectronic and photonic applications.

Herein, the nonlinear optical (NLO) and optical limiting (OL) features of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and holmium ions containing borate-based glasses bearing the nominal composition (79– x )B 2 O 3 –15Na 2 O–5La 2 O 3 –1Ho 2 O 3 – x AgCl ( x  = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mol%) were deliberated at 532 nm pumping utilizing the nanosecond laser pulses. We studied the NLO and OL characteristics of AgCl content varied glasses and identified that the Ho 3+ -doped glasses containing 0.5 mol% of AgCl was found to be optimized one. Then, for further tuning of the NLO traits, thermal treatment on optimized glass was carried out at 450 °C for diverse durations. The NLO absorption (two‒photon) and refraction (positive) features were noted to improve with AgCl content and thermal treatment duration, while the OL threshold followed an opposite trend. The enhance of NLO characteristics and OL performance of glasses was resulted on account of local field effect. The outcomes of the study endorse the Ho 3+ ‒doped titled glass containing 0.5 mol% of AgCl thermally treated for 35 h at 450 °C is beneficial for data storage, signal processing and harmonic generation functionalities. Additionally, the enhance of NLO absorption along with decrease of OL threshold results acknowledge the same glass system is useful for OL applications for suppressing high energy coherent radiation in protecting the sensitive optical devices and human eye from laser damage.

Strong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm2O3 on the nonlinear optical (NLO) and OL properties were ascertained (at 532 nm) along with radiation shielding characteristics. The open and closed aperture Z-scan profiles revealed the presence of positive NLA and nonlinear refraction (NLR) phenomena respectively. OL measurements showed the existence of limiting behavior in the studied glasses. The NLA and NLR coefficients were improved while the OL thresholds were decreased as the doping of Sm2O3 elevated to a higher doping level. These improvements in NLA, NLR coefficients and OL efficiencies were attributed to the non-bridging oxygens and high polarizable Sm3+ ions. The NLA and OL results clearly suggest the high (5 mol %) Sm2O3 doped glass (Sm5CNLB) glass is beneficial to protect the delicate devices and human eye by suppressing the high energy laser light. The theoretical linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) values of the presented SmxCNLB glasses were obtained with the help of Phy-X software between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. At 0.284 MeV, the maximum values occur and take values between 0.302 (for Sm0CNLB) and 0.409 cm−1 (for Sm5CNLB). We found that the LAC for the presented SmxCNLB glasses is a function of Sm2O3 content, where the LAC tends to increase, corresponding to the high probabilities of interaction, as the content of Sm2O3 changes from 0 to 5 mol %. The effective atomic number (Zeff) for the presented SmxCNLB glasses was examined between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. As the amount of Sm2O3 is added, the Zeff increases, and this was observed at any energy.

Strong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm O on the nonlinear optical (NLO) and OL properties were ascertained (at 532 nm) along with radiation shielding characteristics. The open and closed aperture Z-scan profiles revealed the presence of positive NLA and nonlinear refraction (NLR) phenomena respectively. OL measurements showed the existence of limiting behavior in the studied glasses. The NLA and NLR coefficients were improved while the OL thresholds were decreased as the doping of Sm O elevated to a higher doping level. These improvements in NLA, NLR coefficients and OL efficiencies were attributed to the non-bridging oxygens and high polarizable Sm ions. The NLA and OL results clearly suggest the high (5 mol %) Sm O doped glass (Sm5CNLB) glass is beneficial to protect the delicate devices and human eye by suppressing the high energy laser light. The theoretical linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) values of the presented Sm CNLB glasses were obtained with the help of Phy-X software between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. At 0.284 MeV, the maximum values occur and take values between 0.302 (for Sm0CNLB) and 0.409 cm (for Sm5CNLB). We found that the LAC for the presented Sm CNLB glasses is a function of Sm O content, where the LAC tends to increase, corresponding to the high probabilities of interaction, as the content of Sm O changes from 0 to 5 mol %. The effective atomic number (Z ) for the presented Sm CNLB glasses was examined between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. As the amount of Sm O is added, the Z increases, and this was observed at any energy.