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Purpose We provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis of research examining multidimensional perfectionism—perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—and orthorexia. Methods The systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered and conducted using a search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Education Abstracts, and Oxford Academic, and ScienceDirect up to April 2023. PRISMA guidelines were also followed. Meta-analysis using random-effects models was used to derive independent and unique effects of perfectionism, as well as total unique effects (TUE), and relative weights. Moderation of effects were examined for age, gender, domain, perfectionism and orthorexia instruments, and methodological quality. Results Eighteen studies, including 19 samples ( n  = 7064), met the eligibility criteria with 12 of these studies (with 13 samples; n  = 4984) providing sufficient information for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that perfectionistic strivings ( r +  = 0.27, 95% CI [0.21, 0.32]) and perfectionistic concerns ( r +  = 0.25, 95% CI [0.18, 0.31]) had positive relationships with orthorexia. After controlling for the relationship between perfectionism dimensions, only perfectionistic strivings predicted orthorexia which also contributed marginally more to an overall positive total unique effect of perfectionism (TUE = 0.35; 95% CI [0.28, 0.42]). There was tentative evidence that orthorexia instrument moderated the perfectionistic concerns-orthorexia relationship. Discussion Research has generally found that both dimensions of perfectionism are positively related to orthorexia. More high-quality research is needed to examine explanatory mechanisms while also gathering further evidence on differences in findings due to how orthorexia is measured, as well as other possible moderating factors. Level of evidence Level 1, systematic review and meta-analysis.

The last decade has seen the proliferation of meta-analyses dedicated to perfectionism. Due to the volume of meta-analyses available, some stocktaking is now needed to catalogue existing meta-analytical research, assess the qualities of the work, and direct future research. To fulfil these aims, we conducted the first umbrella review of research examining the correlates of perfectionism. Following a preregistered protocol, a systematic search provided 43 meta-analyses (79 criterion variables, 379 effects, k = 3,992, N = 694,422). The meta-analyses examined a range of criterion variables covering, primarily, mental health and well-being but also included motivation and performance both across and within cross-specific domains (e.g., education, workplace, and sport). Perfectionistic concerns were consistently related to mental ill-health and ill-being. Perfectionistic strivings displayed a similar pattern of relationships but were smaller in size. As a result, overall, perfectionism was also related to mental ill-health and ill-being. The typical risk of bias evident in the meta-analyses was assessed as high with consistent areas of weakness relating to the absence of unpublished research and lack of assessment of methodological quality of primary studies. Some degree of confidence in the findings of the affected research is diminished in these regards. In addition to addressing these issues in future work, to strengthen current evidence, researchers are encouraged to address more complex questions by applying meta-analytic techniques more routinely to the prediction of change over time, incremental predictive ability, and tests of explanatory models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Purpose The present study aimed to provide the first examination of whether perfectionistic self-presentation—an interpersonal expression of perfectionism—is related to orthorexia. Methods We recruited a sample of 150 exercisers (Mean age = 27.7 years). Participants completed the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale and the ORTO-15 on a single occasion. Results Two dimensions of perfectionistic self-presentation—perfectionistic self-promotion and nondisplay of imperfection—showed significant positive correlations with orthorexia. In addition, in multiple regression analyses controlling for the overlap between dimensions, perfectionistic self-promotion emerged as the strongest and only significant predictor of orthorexia. Conclusion Perfectionistic self-presentation is positively associated with orthorexia in exercisers. Perfectionistic self-promotion—a need to portray an image of perfection to others—is primarily responsible for this relationship. Level of evidence Cross-sectional study, Level V.