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To resolve conflicts and disagreements in planning, a compromise is often necessary. Where immediate consensus is unlikely and where antagonistic conflicts can lead to worse outcomes, a compromise is especially valued. Yet a compromise is also likely the least desired resolution, except for failure to reach a resolution. In this way, a compromise educes a mixed morality: A compromise has to presume some cooperative goodwill, yet forging a compromise often means violating important principles or abandoning some desired goods. If planners compromise, then this compromise ought to be an ethical one. But what is an ethical compromise in planning? In this article, we examine three cases of planning conflict: namely, the case of the Storm Surge Barriers in the Eastern Scheldt, the Netherlands; the case of the Cross Island Line in Singapore; and, finally, the case of the Calamity Polders, the Netherlands. Through these case studies, we draw out and illustrate three different ideal types of compromises important to planning and further describe the practical and ethical implications of a compromise.

This book examines the theoretical foundations of the processes of planning and design. When people – alone or in groups – want to solve problems or improve their situation, they make plans. Horst Rittel studied this process of making plans and he developed theories – including his notion of \"wicked problems\" – that are used in many fields today. From product design, architecture and planning – where Rittel’s work was originally developed – to governmental agencies, business schools and software design, Rittel’s ideas are being used. This book collects previously unavailable work of Rittel’s within the framework of a discussion of Rittel’s theories and philosophical influences. Prologue Part 1: Foundations 1.1. Reflections On The Scientific And Political Significance Of Decision Theory 1.2. Science and Design Seminars: Introduction 1.3. Seminar 1: Modes of Innovation 1.4. Seminar 2: Images and Message 1.5. Seminar 3: Communications 1.6. Seminar 4: Establishing Order 1.7. Seminar 5: Measuring Values and Images 1.8. Seminar 6: Environments 1.9. Seminar 7: Design 1.10. Seminar 8: Models of and for Design 1.11. Seminar 9: Models of and for Design 2 1.12. Seminar 10: Conclusion Part 2: Wicked Problems 2.1. On the Planning Crisis Part 3: Design Reasoning 3.1. Structure and Usefulness of Planning Information Systems 3.2. Issues As Elements Of Information Systems 3.3. The Reasoning of Designers Part 4: Consequences of Design 4.1. Technological Change and Urban Structure 4.2. Pathologies of Planning. Epilogue Jean-Pierre Protzen is Professor of the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. He was Horst Rittel’s colleague and collaborator for over twenty years and since Rittel’s death in 1990 has continued teaching Rittel’s work at Berkeley. David J. Harris was Protzen’s student at Berkeley, and his dissertation, \"Design Theory: From Scientific Method to Humanist Practice,\" relied heavily on Rittel’s work. He currently works as an editor and writing coach.

Without a notion of time there would be no history. However; time is an elusive concept; time is not immediately observable. In the absence of written or pictorial sources that either describe or represent past events, historians and archaeologists alike are reduced to the observation or detection of what they construe to be the signs, traces, or residues of past events. The present article looks at a range of traces or residues at the Inca site of Tambo Colorado and their interpretation as events, and explores ways in which a coherent story about the construction and occupation of the site could possibly be written.

Without a notion of time there would be no history. However, time is an elusive concept; time is not immediately observable. In the absence of written or pictorial sources that either describe or represent past events, historians and archaeologists alike are reduced to the observation or detection of what they construe to be the signs, traces, or residues of past events. The present article looks at a range of traces or residues at the Inca site of Tambo Colorado and their interpretation as events, and explores ways in which a coherent story about the construction and occupation of the site could possibly be written. Sin una noción de lo que es el tiempo no hubiera historia. No obstante, el tiempo es un concepto evasivo; el tiempo no puede observarse de inmediato. Por la falta de documentos escritos o gráficos describiendo o representando acontecimientos pasados, los historiadores como los arqueólogos quedan restringidos a la observación o detección de lo que sean las huellas o los residuos de acontecimientos pasados. Solo cuando los historiadores y los arqueólogos logran de arreglar las huellas o los residuos en un ordén cronológico es posible llegar a un relato histórico de los acontecimientos representados por las huellas y los residuos. El presente artículo trata de una variedad de huellas y residuos que pueden observarse en el sitio incáico de Tambo Colorado y la interpretación de estas evidencias como acontecimientos, y explora modos de escribir una historia coherente sobre la construcción y ocupación del sitio.

In 1901 Max Uhle, the \"Father of Peruvian Archeology,\" spent several weeks mapping, photographing, and studying the Inca site of Tambo Colorado and its surroundings. Because the site has suffered noticeable deterioration and damage in the intervening century, Uhle's plans, photographs, and notes are of particular importance to anyone investigating Tambo Colorado. But more important than the historic value of Uhle's documentation is the superior quality of his work. His plans are of an astonishing accuracy and his observations and reflections most thoughtful and astute. The present article is a critical appreciation of Uhle's work at Tambo Colorado and compares it to current findings.

In 1901 Max Uhle, the \"Father of Peruvian Archeology,\" spent several weeks mapping, photographing, and studying the Inca site of Tambo Colorado and its surroundings. Because the site has suffered noticeable deterioration and damage in the intervening century, Uhle's plans, photographs, and notes are of particular importance to anyone investigating Tambo Colorado. But more important than the historic value of Uhle's documentation is the superior quality of his work. His plans are of an astonishing accuracy and his observations and reflections most thoughtful and astute. The present article is a critical appreciation of Uhle's work at Tambo Colorado and compares it to current findings. En 1901 Max Uhle, el \"padrino de la arqueología peruana,\" pasó varias semanas levantando, fotografiando, e investigando el sitio inca de Tambo Colorado y sus alrededores. Porque el sitio ha sufrido deteriorización y daños durante el recorrido del siglo, los planos, las fotografias, y las observaciones de Uhle son de alta importancia a cualquier investigador del Tambo Colorado. Sin embargo, además de su valor histórico, la calidad superior de la documentación de Uhle es de aun mas importancia. Sus planos son sumamente precísos y sus observaciónes son cuidadosas y astutas. Este informe es una examinación crítica del trabajo hecho por Uhle en Tambo Colorado, tanto como una comparación de aquel a los encuentros recientes.