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Doc number: P19

IT turned out that Jungoo was not available so Joe was given the assignment. On the way down to the location he described the set-up:

Like many forage fish species, Pacific sand lance ( Ammodytes personatus ) play a key role in nearshore marine ecosystems as an important prey source for a diverse array of predators in the northeastern Pacific. However, the primary threats to Pacific sand lance and their habitat are poorly defined due to a lack of systematic data. Crucial information needed to assess their population status is also lacking including basic knowledge of their local and regional abundance and distribution. Sand lance are currently listed as ‘not evaluated’ under the IUCN red list and they have not been assessed by US and Canadian agencies. This hampers management and policy efforts focused on their conservation. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a three-part, structured expert elicitation to assess the vulnerability of Salish Sea sand lance populations. Experts were asked to list and rank key threats to Salish Sea sand lance and/or their habitat, to further quantify the vulnerability of sand lance to identified threats using a vulnerability matrix, and to predict the population trajectory in 25 years from today. Impacts associated with climate change (e.g. sea level rise, sea temperature rise, ocean acidification, and extreme weather) consistently ranked high as threats of concern in the ranking exercise and quantified vulnerability scores. Nearly every expert predicted the population will have declined from current levels in 25 years. These results suggest sand lance face numerous threats and may be in decline under current conditions. This research provides vital information about which threats pose the greatest risk to the long-term health of sand lance populations and their habitat. Managers can use this information to prioritize which threats to address. Future research to reliably quantify population size, better understand the roles of natural and anthropogenic impacts, and to identify the most cost-effective actions to mitigate multiple threats, is recommended.

Gene transcription occurs via a cycle of linked events including initiation, promoter proximal pausing and elongation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). A key question is how do transcriptional enhancers influence these events to control gene expression? Here we have used a new approach to quantify transcriptional initiation and pausing in vivo, while simultaneously identifying transcription start sites (TSSs) and pause-sites (TPSs) from single RNA molecules. When analyzed in parallel with nascent RNA-seq, these data show that differential gene expression is achieved predominantly via changes in transcription initiation rather than Pol II pausing. Using genetically engineered mouse models deleted for specific enhancers we show that these elements control gene expression via Pol II recruitment and/or initiation rather than via promoter proximal pause release. Together, our data show that enhancers, in general, control gene expression predominantly by Pol II recruitment and initiation rather than via pausing.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Jacqueline Mariña sets two goals for herself in Transformation of the Self in the Thought of Friedrich Schleiermacher: an exposition of the metaphysics undergirding Schleiermacher's mature ethics, especially the concepts of self-consciousness and personal identity, and an analysis of the development of his thought. For an account of this transformation Mariña turns to Schleiermacher's discussion of the feeling of absolute dependence in the introduction to The Christian Faith and argues that it discloses a transcendental freedom. Schleiermacher tries in The Christian Faith to do justice to the historicity of Jesus by noting that he had to develop gradually in a way that depended on his surroundings, including ideas and practices that he appropriated and put to his own use, but he also wants to emphasize the originality of Jesus' consciousness and the fact that it cannot be explained by the content of the human environment to which he belonged. [...]Mariña's placing of this topic in her penultimate chapter, at the culmination of a portrayal of Schleiermacher's development from a defence of Spinoza's determinism and denial of plural substances to an appreciation of the particularity of the moral individual and her transcendental freedom, suggests that she means this depiction of Jesus' self-consciousness to serve as an ideal of a consciousness and freedom that is completely responsive, even transparent, to divine activity.