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"Przeworski, Adam"
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Democracy and the limits of self-government
\"The book analyzes the sources of widespread dissatisfaction with democracies around the world and identifies directions for feasible reforms\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions
Why was franchise extended to the lower classses and to women? Was it conquered by the excluded groups, threatening that unless they were admitted as citizens they would reach for power by other, revolutionary, means? Or was it voluntarily granted by the incumbent elites? This question is examined statistically, using a new dataset covering the entire world from the inception of representative institutions until now. The general picture that emerges is that the poorer classes fought their way into the representative institutions and, once admitted, they were organized by different political parties. In pursuit of their economic and social goals, these parties sought to enhance their electoral positions, treating the issue of female suffrage as an instrument of electoral competition.
Journal Article
Formal Models of Authoritarian Regimes: A Critique
The very idea that authoritarian regimes (“autocracies”) may enjoy popular support is hard to fathom for democrats. Models of authoritarian regimes often entail tacit ideological assumptions, and many are driven by methodological fashions. They ignore the efforts of rulers to provide what people value. The psychology they assume is inadequate to predict actions. They are often too abstract to generate testable predictions. “Support” for any regime is difficult to assess.
Journal Article
Who Decides What Is Democratic?
What is \"democratic\" depends on the values one attaches to democracy. The distinction that determines the answer is between minimalist and maximalist conceptions of democracy. Defending democracy requires a positive, forward-looking program of reform.
Journal Article
Preventive Repression: Two Types of Moral Hazard
Authoritarian leaders maintain their grip on power primarily through
preventive repression, routinely exercised by specialized security
agencies with the aim of preventing any opponents from organizing
and threatening their power. We develop a formal model to analyze
the moral hazard problems inherent in the principal-agent
relationship between rulers and their security agents in charge of
preventive repression. The model distinguishes two types of moral
hazard: “politics,” through which the security agents can exert
political influence to increase their payoff by decreasing the
ruler’s rents from power, and “corruption,” through which the agents
can increase their payoff by engaging in rent-seeking activities
that do not decrease the ruler’s rents from power. The surprising
conclusion is that both the ruler and the security agent are better
off when the only moral hazard problem available is politics rather
than when the agent can choose between politics and corruption. We
also show that the equilibrium probability of ruler’s survival in
power is higher when politics is the only moral hazard available to
the agent. These findings lead to our central conclusion that
opportunities for corruption undermine authoritarian rule by
distorting the incentives of the security agencies tasked with
preventing potential threats to an authoritarian ruler’s grip on
power.
Journal Article
Government Coalitions and Legislative Success Under Presidentialism and Parliamentarism
Are government coalitions less frequent under presidentialism than under parliamentarism? Do legislative deadlocks occur when presidents do not form majoritarian governments? Are presidential democracies more brittle when they are ruled by minorities? We answer these questions observing almost all democracies that existed between 1946 and 1999. It turns out that government coalitions occur in more than one half of the situations in which the president's party does not have a majority, that minority governments are not less successful legislatively than majority coalitions in both systems, and that the coalition status of the government has no impact on the survival of democracy in either system. Hence, whatever is wrong with presidentialism, is not due to the difficulty of forming coalitions.
Journal Article
Assessment of the usefulness of image reconstruction in the oblique and double-oblique sagittal planes for magnetic resonance imaging of the canine cranial cruciate ligament
The aim of the study was to determine the quality and significance of the magnetic resonance image of the canine knee after reconstruction in the oblique and double-oblique sagittal plane. This reconstruction and 3D images are rarely used in common protocols due to the longer study time they require. The study aimed to demonstrate significance for such diagnostic images in specific sequences in order to stimulate consideration of their more frequent use in diagnosis of diseases of the cruciate ligament in dogs.
All tests were carried out using an open magnetic resonance tomography scanner with magnetic field induction. The images obtained from the 30 canine patients examined were reconstructed and evaluated by independent appraisers. Statistical analysis was performed.
The study showed that MRI of the stifle joint using 3D sequences provides higher quality images of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs. The results of the statistical analysis showed that multi-faceted reconstruction allows the secondary determination of the oblique imaging planes and obtains images of adequate quality.
It can be concluded that multi-faceted reconstruction facilitates the secondary determination of oblique imaging planes. This reconstruction additionally makes images available of better quality compared to the 2D sequence.
Journal Article