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The origin and nature of extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs), which have energies above the 5 ⋅ 10 19 eV —the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) energy limit, is one of the most interesting and complicated problems in modern cosmic-ray physics. Existing ground-based detectors have helped to obtain remarkable results in studying cosmic rays before and after the GZK limit, but have also produced some contradictions in our understanding of cosmic ray mass composition. Moreover, each of these detectors covers only a part of the celestial sphere, which poses problems for studying the arrival directions of EECRs and identifying their sources. As a new generation of EECR space detectors, TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up), KLYPVE and JEM-EUSO, are intended to study the most energetic cosmic-ray particles, providing larger, uniform exposures of the entire celestial sphere. The TUS detector, launched on board the Lomonosov satellite on April 28, 2016 from Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia, is the first of these. It employs a single-mirror optical system and a photomultiplier tube matrix as a photo-detector and will test the fluorescent method of measuring EECRs from space. Utilizing the Earth’s atmosphere as a huge calorimeter, it is expected to detect EECRs with energies above 10 20 eV . It will also be able to register slower atmospheric transient events: atmospheric fluorescence in electrical discharges of various types including precipitating electrons escaping the magnetosphere and from the radiation of meteors passing through the atmosphere. We describe the design of the TUS detector and present results of different ground-based tests and simulations.

TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up) is the world's first orbital detector of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). It was launched into orbit on 28th April 2016 as a part of the scientific payload of the Lomonosov satellite. The main aim of the mission was to test the technique of measuring the ultraviolet fluorescence and Cherenkov radiation of extensive air showers generated by primary cosmic rays with energies above ~100 EeV in the Earth atmosphere from space. During its operation for 1.5 years, TUS registered almost 80,000 events with a few of them satisfying conditions anticipated for extensive air showers (EASs) initiated by UHECRs. Here we discuss an event registered on 3rd October 2016. The event was measured in perfect observation conditions as an ultraviolet track in the nocturnal atmosphere of the Earth, with the kinematics and the light curve similar to those expected from an EAS. A reconstruction of parameters of a primary particle gave the zenith angle around 44\\(^\\circ\\) but an extreme energy not compatible with the cosmic ray energy spectrum obtained with ground-based experiments. We discuss in details all conditions of registering the event, explain the reconstruction procedure and its limitations and comment on possible sources of the signal, both of anthropogenic and astrophysical origin. We believe this detection represents a significant milestone in the space-based observation of UHECRs because it proves the capability of an orbital telescope to detect light signals with the apparent motion and light shape similar to what are expected from EASs. This is important for the on-going development of the future missions KLYPVE-EUSO and POEMMA, aimed for studying UHECRs from space.

TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up), the first orbital detector of extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs), those with energies above 50 EeV, was launched into orbit on April 28, 2016, as a part of the Lomonosov satellite scientific payload. The main aim of the mission is to test a technique of registering fluorescent and Cherenkov radiation of extensive air showers generated by EECRs in the atmosphere with a space telescope. We present preliminary results of its operation in a mode dedicated to registering extensive air showers in the period from August 16, 2016, to November 4, 2016. No EECRs have been conclusively identified in the data yet, but the diversity of ultraviolet emission in the atmosphere was found to be unexpectedly rich. We discuss typical examples of data obtained with TUS and their possible origin. The data is important for obtaining more accurate estimates of the nocturnal ultraviolet glow of the atmosphere, necessary for successful development of more advanced orbital EECR detectors including those of the KLYPVE (K-EUSO) and JEM-EUSO missions.

The origin and nature of extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs), which have energies above the 50 EeV, the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) energy limit, is one of the most interesting and complicated problems in modern cosmic-ray physics. Existing ground-based detectors have helped to obtain remarkable results in studying cosmic rays before and after the GZK limit, but have also produced some contradictions in our understanding of cosmic ray mass composition. Moreover, each of these detectors covers only a part of the celestial sphere, which poses problems for studying the arrival directions of EECRs and identifying their sources. As a new generation of EECR space detectors, TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up), KLYPVE and JEM-EUSO, are intended to study the most energetic cosmic-ray particles, providing larger, uniform exposures of the entire celestial sphere. The TUS detector, launched on board the Lomonosov satellite on April 28, 2016, from Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia, is the first of these. It employs a single-mirror optical system and a photomultiplier tube matrix as a photo-detector and will test the fluorescent method of measuring EECRs from space. Utilizing the Earth's atmosphere as a huge calorimeter, it is expected to detect EECRs with energies above 100 EeV. It will also be able to register slower atmospheric transient events: atmospheric fluorescence in electrical discharges of various types including precipitating electrons escaping the magnetosphere and from the radiation of meteors passing through the atmosphere. We describe the design of the TUS detector and present results of different ground-based tests and simulations.

TUS (Track Ultraviolet Setup) is the first space experiment aimed to check the possibility of registering extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs) at E>50 EeV by measuring the fluorescence signal of extensive air showers in the atmosphere. The detector operates as a part of the scientific payload of the Lomonosov satellite for more than a year. We describe an algorithm of searching for EECR events in the TUS data and briefly discuss a number of candidates selected by formal criteria.

On April 28, 2016, the Lomonosov satellite, equipped with a number of scientific instruments, was launched into orbit. Here we present briefly some of the results obtained with the first orbital telescope of extreme energy cosmic rays TUS and by a group of detectors aimed at multi-messenger observations of gamma-ray bursts.

The upgrading of fluorescence microscopy by the introduction of computer technologies has led to the creation of a new methodology, computerized fluorescence microscopy (CFM). CFM improves subjective visualization and combines it with objective quantitative analysis of the microscopic data. CFM has opened up two fundamentally new opportunities for studying microorganisms. The first is the quantitative measurement of the fluorescence parameters of the targeted fluorophores in association with certain structures of individual cells. The second is the expansion of the boundaries of visualization/resolution of intracellular components beyond the \"diffraction limit\" of light microscopy into the nanometer range. This enables to obtain unique information about the localization and dynamics of intracellular processes at the molecular level. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the potential of CFM in the study of fundamental aspects of the structural and functional organization of microbial cells. The basics of computer processing and analysis of digital images are briefly described. The fluorescent molecules used in CFM with an emphasis on fluorescent proteins are characterized. The main methods of super-resolution microscopy (nanoscopy) are presented. The capabilities of various CFM methods for exploring microbial cells at the subcellular level are illustrated by the examples of various studies on yeast and bacteria.

The effective reggeon field theory in zero transverse dimension (“the toy model”) is studied. The transcendental equation for the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian of this theory is derived and solved numerically. The found eigenvalues are used for the calculation of the pomeron propagator.

This article is introduced into the perspective tendencies of the digital transformation of chemical enterprises which allow to improve the process of managing enterprises of the branch. Presented the algorithms of managing and technological information processing based on deep neural network apparatus. New approaches to data processing known as video analytics are applied; it allows to automate the registration process of visual data at chemical enterprises and reduce the impact of the human factor on the objectivity of the decisions. The worked out algorithmic structures of managing and technological information processing allows to carry out the identification of hidden regularities there and ensure the effective achievement of goals at chemical enterprises.

This review is devoted to the study of intracellular viscosity. Methods of intracellular viscosity measurement in cell populations and single cells are characterized and critically evaluated. Examples of intracellular viscosity assessment in a number of various cell types and intracellular organelles are presented. The main results of the in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of viscosity in metabolism are discussed.