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The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation–flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.

Formaldehyde is one type of pollutant that is often found in indoor air and can have negative impacts on human health. Therefore, a solution is needed to reduce formaldehyde compounds in the room. According to Indonesia’s Ministry of Health, the permissible indoor formaldehyde concentration is 0,1 ppm. This study aims to determine the remediation ability of spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum) and peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii) to reduce indoor formaldehyde levels. In this study, formaldehyde measurements were conducted in office room using an Air Quality Detector. The types of plants used were spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum), peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii), and a combination of both. Baseline measurements were taken without plants, followed by measurements after placing the plants. The collected data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA method. The results indicated that spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum) and peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii) are capable reducing formaldehyde compounds in the room to below 0,1 ppm. Using a combination of both plants is more efficient than using just one type of plant. The average reduction in formaldehyde concentration within 24 hours, due to one pot of spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum) is 0,0071 mg/m3, while one pot of peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii) is 0,0058 mg/m 3 .

This paper seeks to examine the determinants that affect the thermal performance of vertical greening in urban settings through the use of a systematic review of the literature (SLR). The thermal performance of the Vertical Greening System (VGS) is determined by three specific design criteria: the location of the system, the characteristics associated with the plants, and the factors related to the structure and its support. The three parameters interact with each other to achieve optimal thermal performance. The discourse presented in this article has the potential to improve urban landscape planning, particularly in optimising the microclimatic advantages associated with the implementation of vertical greening in urban environments. This can have a positive impact on improving urban climate change mitigation and adaptation capacity.

Desakota, commonly known as urban kampung, is a distinctive characteristic of urbanization in the Southeast Asian region. These communities are particularly susceptible to urban food insecurity and heat stress, making them highly vulnerable. This article examines a suitable VGS approach to address these concerns based on the characteristics of the urban kampung using a systematic literature review (SLR). The study highlights that the characteristics of urban kampungs, such as the physical environment, income levels, and demand size, determine the suitability of Productive Façade as a viable solution. This study can support the development of green infrastructure for UHI and climate change mitigation and adaptation, improve public health, and promote environmental justice in densely populated urban areas with low-income populations

Certain rhizobacteria can be applied to remove arsenic in the environment through bioremediation or phytoremediation. This study determines the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of arsenic on identified rhizobacteria that were isolated from the roots of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven. The arsenic biosorption capability of the was also analyzed. Among the 10 isolated rhizobacteria, five were Gram-positive (Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, and Staphylococcus lentus), and five were Gram-negative (Enterobacter asburiae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pantoea spp., Rhizobium rhizogenes, and Rhizobium radiobacter). R. radiobacter showed the highest MIC of >1,500 mg/L of arsenic. All the rhizobacteria were capable of absorbing arsenic, and S. paucimobilis showed the highest arsenic biosorption capability (146.4 ± 23.4 mg/g dry cell weight). Kinetic rate analysis showed that B. cereus followed the pore diffusion model (R2 = 0.86), E. asburiae followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99), and R. rhizogenes followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.93). The identified rhizobacteria differ in their mechanism of arsenic biosorption, arsenic biosorption capability, and kinetic models in arsenic biosorption.

Many technologies can be used to solve the clean water crisis. One of the technologies is desalination, but this technology is expensive. So that, it is necessary to find cheaper desalination technology and easier to operate. Bio-desalination is a technology that utilizes bacteria to remove sodium and chloride ions in seawater. In this research, the application of the phytotechnology concept for bio-desalination reactors was carried out. Bio-desalination technology used the uniqueness of mangrove plants ( Avicennia marina ) in a reed bed system reactor that adapted from a reed bed system commonly used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the research was to determine the uptake of sodium and chloride ions by Avicennia marina in a reed bed system bio-desalination reactor. The namely of reactor were AM15‰, AM25‰, AMVA15‰ and AMVA25‰. The VA code was shown that Vibrio alginolyticus addition in this reactor. The artificial saline water with initial salinity of 15‰ and 25‰ was chosen based on our previous study. Parameter of salinity was determined using salinometer. Concentration of sodium and chloride ions were analyses using ion chromatography. Based on the results, the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in Avicennia marina at AM15‰ were 843.18 mg/kg and 4959.96 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, those were 1410.01 mg/kg and 5292.64 mg/kg at AM25 ‰, respectively. The concentration of sodium and chloride ions in AMVA15‰ were 1003.39 mg/kg and 3186.96 mg/kg, and it were 8036.43 mg/kg and 9783.91 mg/kg at AMVA25‰. The value of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were greater than 1, it indicated that Avicennia marina was as an hyperaccumulator plant for sodium and chloride ions. In conclusion, the Avicennia marina can be used in reed bed system bio-desalination reactor to reduce salinity.

River pollution can cause coastal pollution due to many pollutants can not remove during water flow from upstream to downstream. River has a capability to do self purification to remediate many pollutans, but wastewater disposal occurred at along the river. One of pollution parameter that caused by organic pollutant was Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In this research, the design of reactor was adapted from reed bed system commonly used in constructed wetlands. The purpose of the study was to determine the COD removal by Rhizophora mucronata using reed bed system reactor. There were 8 reactors, with duplo replicates, namely RM15 and RM 25 for treatment with Rhizophora mucronata at 15 ‰ and 25 ‰, respectively, and RMVA15 and RMVA 25 for treatment with Rhizophora mucronata and addition of Vibrio alginolyticus, respectively. Parameter of COD was determined using digestion reactor and spectrophotometer. Based on the results, the highest removal of COD reached 82.06% after 14 days at reactor of RM15. The highest of removal COD with addition of Vibrio alginolyticus was 80.89% after Day 2 at reactor of RMVA15. In conclusion, the Rhizophora mucronata that was grown at reed bed system reactor demonstrated can be used in removing organic matter.

Kerosene is a type of hydrocarbon commonly known as paraffin oil which is usually used as a home heating fuel, lamp and asphalt solvent. The presence of kerosene in the asphalt production can potentially cause environmental pollution, one of which affects soil conditions. Some bacteria that have specific ability to degrade hydrocarbon content in soil are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. This study aims to determine the proportion of the presence of bacteria that have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons, in this case kerosene, in polluted soil at the location of one of the largest asphalt manufacturing companies in Indonesia and to determine the morphological characters of bacterial isolates. Based on the results of the study, Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria isolated from asbuton had 5 dominant isolates and were identified by PCR analysis. The results of this study were that the five bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp. with 3 of them being Bacillus subtilis and 2 others being Bacillus cereus. This result has an Entiren stiffness of 99.62% - 100%. The type of bacteria Bacillus sp. are capable of reducing the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and still able to survive and potentially degrade the TPH content in it.

Blitar is one of the regencies in Indonesia that doesn't have Septage Treatment Plant (STP). The high coverage of on-site wastewater system access as well as routine desludging needs in the Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plant (DWWTP) requires further septage process of septage in the form of STP. However, almost 90% of STP in Indonesia was not working correctly due to poor effluent quality and inadequate operational and maintenance costs. This study referred to the current conditions of domestic wastewater management obtained from interviews and questionnaires to identify the real needs of establishing STP efficiently and sustainably. Furthermore, this paper contained the analysis of STP capacity, site selection, sludge treatment units, land requirements, capital costs, operational and maintenance costs. By considering the existing desludging activity, the capacity of STP in 2019 was 20.95 m3/day. Meanwhile, the capacity of STP at the end of the 20-year design period was 41.36 m3/day. Although site selection analysis was obtained three locations for STP, the selected location of STP was the one which was centrally located in one location, namely Sutojayan Sub-District. One location of STP was considered to be more efficient from land needs, capital cost, operational and maintenance costs. The total land requirement of the STP was 2,196.49 m2. The capital cost amounted to IDR 15,562,028,000. The operational and maintenance costs were IDR 319,715/day, while the underlying service tariff charged to the community was IDR 188,000/septic tank.

Productive facades can be a promising green infrastructure for dealing with urban heat islands and food insecurity. Although producing productive facades has proved satisfactory, the cooling effect of small green spaces is still being debated. The incident solar radiation on the leaves is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted, potentially regulating the surrounding air temperature. Therefore, this study aims to discuss how the spectral properties of productive facades are related to the surrounding air temperature. A field experimental building model was carried out to investigate the fluctuation of temperature-affected radiation. Pumpkin ( Cucubita pepo ) and Sweet Potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas L ) were applied for the productive façade, which was placed in east and west orientations. The research method analyses air temperature’s daily behaviour and spectral properties of the productive facades. The results revealed that the cooling effect of productive facades fluctuates. Among the spectral properties, absorptance and reflectance have a strong correlation with air temperature, with r=0.56 (east side) and r = 0.68 (west side) for Pumpkin, while r=0.68 (east side) and r=0.72 (west side) for Sweet Potatoes. Existing microclimatic factors, namely humidity and solar radiation, contribute to the degree of this correlation. The findings of this study will provide implications for the design of environmentally sound technology aiming to obtain a better cooling effect and contribute to the food provision for urban communities.