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"Pushpam Kumar"
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Mainstreaming natural capital and ecosystem services into development policy
\"This book highlights the latest advances in the science and practice of using ecosystem services to inform decisions for economic development in the context of the developing countries. Mainstreaming Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services into Development Policy is designed to help decision makers at all levels, including governments, businesses, multilevel development banks and individuals, integrate ecosystems and their services into their decision making\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Costing of AMR can Incentivize Responses to One Health
Monetising the damage inflicted to economy and society is necessary and it is doable. The costing of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) enables clearer policy response and removes haziness in decisions. Costing the AMR facilitates the investment in interventions, needed for implementation of One Health.
Journal Article
The inclusive wealth index and sustainable development goals
In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly agreed on an agenda for sustainable development in member countries. Nations committed themselves to meeting 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), involving 169 socio-economic targets, by year 2030. To measure progress in meeting those targets, it was proposed to track more than 240 socio-economic indicators over the coming years. What is, however, missing from the list is an indicator that can be used to judge whether the policies that countries follow to meet the targets protect and promote sustainable development. We offer an account of the concept of inclusive wealth report findings that has tracked the inclusive wealth of 140 countries for the period 1992–2014.
Journal Article
Planetary Health and Mental Health Nexus: Benefit of Environmental Management
Background: Human activities have induced unprecedented global shifts in natural systems including the climate, the oceans, cryosphere and biosphere. The impacts of these changes on physical health are clear and are accelerating at an alarming rate. Climate change and its consequences, especially disruptive events like floods, droughts and heat waves also impact the mental health of affected populations, increasing risk for post-traumatic stress, depression and anxiety disorders. However, the impact of climate change on mental health is not well examined and has received less attention than climate’s impacts on physical health. Goal: The paper examines the planetary health–mental health nexus. It assesses the existing state of knowledge on the association between climate events, natural disasters, pollution, access to green space and mental health. It also presents a global analysis of the economic costs of climate-related mental health disorders by developing scenarios estimating the costs of mental illness at the country level predicted to be attributable to changes in environmental factors during the period 2020–2050. Findings: Globally, the additional societal costs of mental disorders due to changes in climate-related hazards, air pollution and inadequate access to green space are estimated to be almost US $47 billion annually in 2030. These estimated costs will continue to grow exponentially to US$ 537 billion in 2050, relative to a baseline scenario in which these environmental factors remain at 2020 levels. Conclusions: Our scenario analysis shows that the costs associated with climate-related mental health morbidity and mortality are high already and continue to will increase sharply in coming decades. There is need therefore to strengthen the evidence linking climate change to mental health and to prioritize the development of evidence-based and impactful interventions to address the global burden of environment-related mental disorders.
Journal Article
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Human well-being relies critically on ecosystem services provided by nature. Examples include water and air quality regulation, nutrient cycling and decomposition, plant pollination and flood control, all of which are dependent on biodiversity. They are predominantly public goods with limited or no markets and do not command any price in the conventional economic system, so their loss is often not detected and continues unaddressed and unabated. This in turn not only impacts human well-being, but also seriously undermines the sustainability of the economic system.
It is against this background that TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity project was set up in 2007 and led by the United Nations Environment Programme to provide a comprehensive global assessment of economic aspects of these issues. This book, written by a team of international experts, represents the scientific state of the art, providing a comprehensive assessment of the fundamental ecological and economic principles of measuring and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, and showing how these can be mainstreamed into public policies.
This volume and subsequent TEEB outputs will provide the authoritative knowledge and guidance to drive forward the biodiversity conservation agenda for the next decade.
eBook
Climate Change and Mental Health Nexus in National Climate Policy-Gaps and Challenges
Background: Climate change is increasingly recognized as a driver of mental health disorders, exacerbating conditions such as anxiety, depression, and post‑traumatic stress. However, climate policies rarely address mental health considerations. Objective: This study investigates the extent to which mental health is incorporated into national climate adaptation policies, specifically Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), from countries classified as high or very high risk according to the INFORM index. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review and policy analysis of NDCs from 38 high‑risk countries. A keyword‑based approach was used to assess the frequency and depth of mental health references in climate policies. Findings: Only 8 of 38 countries explicitly referenced mental health in their NDCs. Most policies prioritized physical health, with little attention given to the psychological impacts of climate‑related disasters. Vulnerable populations, including children, women, and individuals with preexisting mental health conditions, remain largely unaddressed in these national policies. Conclusions: There is a significant gap in the integration of mental health impact and interventional indicators within climate change policies. Greater investment in interdisciplinary research and policy reforms are needed to ensure climate adaptation strategies address both physical and mental health concerns.
Journal Article
Planetary Health and Mental Health Nexus: Least Understood and Embraced in Policy Decisions
Planetary health influences mental health and a better management of climate, biodiversity and pollution has co-benefits of improving mental health outcomes. The recognition and treatment of mental health, however, has been marginalized within environmental and climate change sciences and a greater understanding of the complex underlying processes and societal costs is required to appropriately manage and motivate policy responses. The paper provides seven recommendations underscoring that public policy developers and implementors need to be aware of the combined costs of inaction - that might accrue from neglecting mental health and environmental sciences- two areas that have been historically marginalized. Improved methodologies in conducting studies on the nature and mental health nexus are needed. The trajectories and models of adaptation and mitigation of climate change and environmental damage can be strengthened through adoption of mental and behavioral sciences approach.
Journal Article
Sustainable matrix beyond GDP: investment for inclusive growth
Measuring a country’s sustainable development by its gross domestic product (GDP) is insufficient to capture the loss of capital that determines future human welfare. To address this, we propose the inclusive wealth index, which integrates biophysical quantities and monetary values of natural, human, and produced capital. We analyzed the level of Inclusive Wealth in 163 countries over the past 30 years to assess sustainable development goals (SDGs) going beyond GDP. Global wealth has suffered significant losses in natural capital, with the biased accumulation of capital assets leading to unsustainable and unequal development. In low-income countries, soaring population levels and biased capital investments exacerbate the depletion of natural capital. Our results underscore the critical role of natural capital and inclusive capital management in sustainable development. Policymakers can use this information to make capital investments in their economies and promote recovery from COVID-19 that aligns with the SDGs, the Paris Climate Agreement, and initiatives beyond GDP.
Journal Article
Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO2, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500-6000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1, with economic potentials of approximately 1500-1600, 2500-2700 and 4000-4300 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at 0-20, 0-50 and 0-100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively.
Journal Article