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Novel strategy for acid chlorides formation that do not use carboxylic acids is particularly attractive in chemical synthesis but remains challenging. Herein, we reported the development of a highly effective Pd-catalyzed hydrochlorocarbonylation of alkenes with CO for the formation of alkyl acid chlorides. Chlorosilane and AcOH were found as a mild HCl source for the reaction. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and produces both branched and linear alkyl acid chlorides in good to high yields upon different ligands and solvents. Cooperating with follow-up acylation reactions, the Pd-catalyzed hydrochlorocarbonylation offers a complementary platform for the synthesis of diverse carbonyl compounds from alkenes. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the reaction proceeded though a palladium hydride pathway, and CO prompted reductive elimination of the acyl-Pd-Cl intermediate. Acid chloride formation is generally limited to the chlorination of carboxylic acids. Here, the authors report a palladium-catalyzed regiodivergent hydrochlorocarbonylation of alkenes for the synthesis of various alkyl acid chlorides.

Neuroligin-3 (NLGN3) is necessary and sufficient to promote glioma cell growth. The recruitment of Gαi1/3 to the ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is essential for mediating oncogenic signaling. Various genetic strategies were utilized to examine the requirement of Gαi1/3 in NLGN3-driven glioma cell growth. NLGN3-induced Akt-mTORC1 and Erk activation was inhibited by decreasing Gαi1/3 expression. In contrast ectopic Gαi1/3 overexpression enhanced NLGN3-induced signaling. In glioma cells, NLGN3-induced cell growth, proliferation and migration were attenuated by Gαi1/3 depletion with shRNA, but facilitated with Gαi1/3 overexpression. Significantly, Gαi1/3 silencing inhibited orthotopic growth of patient-derived glioma xenografts in mouse brain, whereas forced Gαi1/3-overexpression in primary glioma xenografts significantly enhanced growth. The growth of brain-metastatic human lung cancer cells in mouse brain was largely inhibited with Gαi1/3 silencing. It was however expedited with ectopic Gαi1/3 overexpression. In human glioma Gαi3 upregulation was detected, correlating with poor prognosis. Gαi1/3 mediation of NLGN3-induced signaling is essential for neuronal-driven glioma growth

In this paper, exercises on electronic major courses of college are classified, further, compared with the accuracy of algorithms based on the Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in the classification of exercises. Data sets from exercises related to the content on the course of Data Structure are selected. According to knowledge content of course and characteristics of exercises, judgment and multiple-choice questions are used in experimental data, and these exercises are divided into seven categories depending on content of chapters. Firstly, the package of Jieba participle is applied to segment text of exercises, and the proper nouns of knowledge content are identified by importing a custom dictionary. Because characteristic words of short text are quite sparse, weight method about TF-IDF is directly adopted to feature representation of text instead of feature selection. Finally, algorithms based on the Nave Bayes and SVM are employed to train and classify text of exercises. The experimental results show that algorithm based on SVM has lower error rate and higher classification accuracy than the Naive Bayes.

Objectives To assess the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) via a prospective multicenter study. Methods From January 2017 through June 2021, low-risk PTMC patients were screened. The management details of active surveillance (AS), surgery, and thermal ablation were discussed. Among patients who accepted thermal ablation, microwave ablation (MWA) was performed. The main outcome was disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary outcomes were tumor size and volume changes, local tumor progression (LTP), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and complication rate. Results A total of 1278 patients were included in the study. The operation time of ablation was 30.21 ± 5.14 min with local anesthesia. The mean follow-up time was 34.57 ± 28.98 months. Six patients exhibited LTP at 36 months, of whom 5 patients underwent a second ablation, and 1 patient received surgery. The central LNM rate was 0.39% at 6 months, 0.63% at 12 months, and 0.78% at 36 months. Of the 10 patients with central LNM at 36 months, 5 patients chose ablation, 3 patients chose surgery and the other 2 patients chose AS. The overall complication rate was 1.41%, and 1.10% of patients developed hoarseness of the voice. All of the patients recovered within 6 months. Conclusions Thermal ablation of low-risk PTMC was observed to be safe and efficacious with few minor complications. This technique may help to bridge the gap between surgery and AS as treatment options for patients wishing to have their PTMC managed in a minimally invasive manner. Clinical relevance statement This study proved that microwave ablation is a safe and effective treatment method for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Key Points Percutaneous US-guided microwave ablation of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is a very minimally invasive treatment under local anesthesia during a short time period. The local tumor progression and complication rate of microwave ablation in the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are very low.

Hydrocarbonylation of conjugated dienes is one of the most promising yet challenging methods for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. Herein, we reported the development of an unprecedented palladium-catalyzed branched selective 3,4-hydroaminocarbonylation of 1,3-dienes with CO and amines hydrochloride to afford β,γ -unsaturated amides. This reaction employs readily available starting materials (including anilines, amines, amino acids, peptides, aryl-1,3-dienes, alyl-1,3-dienes) and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, thus providing a facile and effective approach to access a diverse array of α -substituted β,γ -unsaturated amides. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the hydropalladation of dienes is irreversible, and the insertion of CO into the allyl-Pd species is probably the rate-limiting step.

Preparing titanium dioxide from titania-rich slag （TiO2 73wt%） by molten NaOH method has been developed. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the titanium conversion were investigated. The results showed that temperature had significant influence on the titanium conversion as well as the structure of the product. About 92% of titanium in the titania-rich slag could be converted after reacting with NaOH at 500℃ for 1 h. Metatitanic acid was formed through the steps of washing treatment, acid dissolution, and hydrolysis. Well-dispersed spherical titanium dioxide particles with an average size of 0.1-0.4μm can be obtained by calcination of metatitanic acid. In addition, the content of titanium dioxide in the product is up to 98.6wt%, which can be used as pigments after further treatment of coating and crushing.

Herbal medicines have recently been recognized as the second most common cause of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） in the United States. However, reliable methods to identify the DILl causality of some herbs, such as Heshouwu （dried root ofPolygonum multiflorum）, remain lacking. In this study, a total of 12 307 inpatients with liver dysfunction and 147 literature-reported cases of Heshouwu DILI were screened. A general algorithm indicated that only 22.5% （9/40） and 30.6% （45/147） of all hospitalization and literature case reports, respectively, demonstrate the high probability of DILI causality of Heshouwu. By contrast, 95% （19/20） of all cases prospectively investigated by pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and metabolomic tests exhibited highly probable causality, including a patient who was previously incorrectly attributed and a case that was excluded from Heshouwu causality by pharmacognostic evidence. Toxin （heavy metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins） contamination was also excluded from Heshouwu DILI causality. The objectivity of these screening methods for Heshouwu DILI diagnosis addresses safety concerns regarding stilbene-containing herbal medicines and dietary supplements.

Background： For patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） and type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）, the night sleep interruption and intermittent hypoxia due to apnea or hypopnea may induce glycemic excursions and reduce insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure （CPAP） therapy in patients with OSAHS and T2DM. Methods： Continuous glucose monitoring system （CGMS） was used in 40 patients with T2DM and newly diagnosed OSAHS. The measurements were repeated after 30 days of CPAP treatment. Subsequently, insulin sensitivity and glycohemoglobin （HbAlc） were measured and compared to the pretreatment data. Results： After CPAP therapy, the CGMS indicators showed that the 24-h mean blood glucose （MBG） and the night time MBG were significantly reduced （P 〈 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively）. The mean ambulatory glucose excursions （MAGEs） and the mean of daily differences were also significantly reduced （P 〈 0.05 and P = 0.002, respectively） compared to pretreatment levels. During the night, MAGE also significantly decreased （P = 0.049）. The differences between the highest and lowest levels of blood glucose over 24 h and during the night were significantly lower than prior to CPAP treatment （P 〈 0.05 and P = 0.024, respectively）. The 24 h and night time durations of high blood glucose （〉7.8 mmol/L and 〉 11.1 mmol/L） decreased （P 〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.05, respectively） after the treatment. In addition, HbA 1 c levels were also lower than those before treatment （P 〈 0.05）, and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance was also significantly lower than before CPAP treatment （P = 0.034）. Conclusions： CPAP therapy may have a beneficial effect on improving not only blood glucose but also upon insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients with OSAHS. This suggests that CPAP may be an effective treatment for T2DM in addition to intensive diabetes management.

A method was proposed for removing zirconium （Zr） from hydrous titanium dioxide （HTD） by the NaF solution. The effects of main parameters, i.e. pH values, NaF dosage, temperature and retention time, on the removal of zirconium were stud- ied. The optimal conditions were found as the following： pH value, 〈5.5; molar ratio of NaF to TiQ, 0.6; retention time, 80 min and temperature, 80℃. The removal rate of Zr under the optimized conditions was above 87.7%. The adsorption energy of the preferential absorption of hydrofluoric acid for Zr（OH）2SOt（OH2） on the （001） crystal surface of HTD was determined by theo- retical calculation. The possible mechanism of the removal process was also discussed.