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From a global perspective, the stable isotope altitude effect is crucial for understanding climate information. However, the intensity of this effect can be influenced by the source of moisture, particularly in inland mountainous regions where the moisture sources are complex. Different combinations of moisture sources might affect the altitude effect. Focusing on the upper Shiyang River in the northern part of the Qilian Mountains in China, this study calculated the proportion of recycled moisture in precipitation and utilized the HYSPLIT model to determine the source of advective moisture. It explored the characteristics and mechanisms by which moisture sources affect the spatiotemporal variations in precipitation isotope effects within the study area. The findings indicated that: (a) The altitude effect follows a seasonal pattern: winter < autumn < spring < summer, with a reverse effect in winter. (b) As the contribution of recycled moisture to precipitation increases, the altitude effect of stable isotopes weakens, primarily due to the disruptive influence of recycled moisture on this effect. (c) The altitude effect of stable isotopes in precipitation is determined by the direction of the moisture source and its attributes. When the primary source of advective moisture runs perpendicular to the mountain range and the moisture migration speed is slow, the altitude effect is pronounced. Thus, although temperature directly causes the altitude effect, water vapor sources significantly influence it in inland mountainous regions. Key Points The altitude effect has significant seasonal variation, being strong in summer and weakest in winter The contribution of recirculating water vapor to precipitation is large, weakening the altitude effect The source of water vapor and the nature of the air masses contribute to the differences in elevation effects

In arid regions with limited water resources, numerous reservoirs have been built to support economic and social development. However, how the construction of reservoirs interacts with the surrounding ecosystem to affect temperature remains unclear. Spanning 2018 to 2022 in the Shiyang River Basin, we collected surface water and precipitation, as well as stem and soil samples. Using isotopic methods, we quantified how evaporation in the oasis reservoir‐riparian forest system affects the local climate. Our findings show that the latent heat released by evapotranspiration from the reservoir and riparian forest system reduces the daily maximum temperature and daily temperature range by 7°C and 6°C respectively, compared to downstream areas with sparse vegetation around artificial lakes. Additionally, it enhances local moisture recycling, increasing precipitation. This study reveals regional cooling effect due to interactions between water bodies, the atmosphere, and vegetation. We propose that establishing reservoir‐riparian forest systems can positively impact local climate regulation and serve as an effective strategy for adapting to global climate warming. Plain Language Summary Quantifying evapotranspiration's cooling effect is crucial to understand how water bodies, vegetation, and the atmosphere interact. The construction of water facilities has changed global hydrology and vegetation, especially in arid regions. Clarifying evapotranspiration in arid area reservoirs and nearby vegetation helps address water scarcity and climate change. In this study, a comprehensive observation network was established in Hongyashan Reservoir to quantify the evaporation loss of surface water and the heat absorbed by the vapourization of liquid water in the reservoir‐riparian forest complex system. The results showed that riparian forest accelerated the local water circulation and enhanced the regulation of diurnal temperature difference and diurnal maximum temperature around the region, mainly because the latent heat of water phase transition absorbed a lot of heat. Focusing on the ecosystem and human society at the regional level, the construction of reservoir‐riparian forest composite system will help to expand the ability and resilience of human society to adapt to climate change. Key Points Latent heat due to evapotranspiration reduces the daily maximum temperature and the diurnal temperature range Reservoir‐riparian forest system enhances local moisture recycling, resulting in increased precipitation A substantial portion of raindrops re‐evaporating beneath the clouds, which consumes a considerable amount of heat

To address the challenge of physically realizing fractional-order electrical networks, this study proposes an implementation method for a mechatronic inerter–spring–damper (ISD) suspension based on a fractional-order biquadratic transfer function. Building upon a previously established model of a mechatronic ISD suspension, the influence of parameter perturbations on the suspension’s dynamic performance characteristics was systematically investigated. Positive real synthesis was employed to determine the optimal five-element passive network structure for the fractional-order biquadratic electrical network. Subsequently, the Oustaloup filter approximation algorithm was utilized to realize the integer-order equivalents of the fractional-order electrical components, and the approximation effectiveness was analyzed through frequency-domain and time-domain simulations. Bench testing validated the effectiveness of the proposed method: under random road excitation at 20 m/s, the root mean square (RMS) values of the vehicle body acceleration, suspension working space, and dynamic tire load were reduced by 7.86%, 17.45%, and 2.26%, respectively, in comparison with those of the traditional passive suspension. This research provides both theoretical foundations and practical engineering solutions for implementing fractional-order transfer functions in vehicle suspensions, establishing a novel technical pathway for comprehensively enhancing suspension performance.

As globalization progresses, the threat of invasive alien plants to ecosystems is becoming increasingly prominent, and the negative effects of these plants on human health and socioeconomics are gradually increasing with the development of cities; thus, concern about the problem of invasive alien plants in cities is gradually increasing. In this context, we analyzed the differences in the distribution characteristics of invasive alien plants in urban green space, countryside and farmland in Kunshan city, which is located in the Yangtze River Delta region, an area characterized by rapid urbanization. Additionally, the relations between local plant diversity and the intensity of human activities on invasive alien plants were explored. The following results were obtained: (1) There are 38 species of invasive plants in Kunshan, among which 9 species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides and Erigeron canadensis , are distributed in all kinds of urban areas. There are no endemic invasive plants in the urban green space; however, Amaranthus blitum and eight other species are distributed only in the countryside, and seven species, such as Bidens pilosa , are found only in farmland areas. (2) In different urban areas, native plant species and phylogenetic diversity vary in their resistance to invasive alien plants. Compared with those in other areas, the coverage and importance values of alien invasive plants in the urban countryside significantly decreased with increasing quantity of native plant species and phylogenetic diversity. (3) GDP per capita, the proportion of built-up land and road density were the main factors affecting the distribution of invasive alien plants, but there were differences in the influence of human activities in different urban areas. The importance values of invasive alien plants increased significantly with increasing population density and GDP per capita in the countryside, but there was no such trend in urban green space or farmland areas. Overall, these findings suggest that urban planning and landscape management strategies should target the management of invasive alien plants based on the characteristics in different urban areas to maintain the stability and sustainability of urban ecosystems.

Terracing is widely distributed in mountainous and hilly areas worldwide to increase grain production, control soil erosion, increase soil moisture, and improve soil quality, potentially impacting soil carbon pools. This study investigates how agricultural activities and ecological restoration measures affect soil carbon pools in terraced areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau. We established an observation system in typical terraces and collected soil samples from 0 to 100 cm depth in terraces with different crops and ecological restoration vegetation. Our results show that terracing effectively increases soil organic carbon (SOC) content, with terraced cropland (7.7 g kg − 1 ) having higher SOC than sloping cropland (4.9 g kg − 1 ), In the 0–100 cm layer, SOC content in terraced wheat fields was 1.5 times higher than in sloping wheat fields, with the most significant increase in the top 0–30 cm. This increase is attributed to improved soil and water conservation capacity and agricultural activities. Short-term abandonment led to SOC loss, while replanting fruit trees and crops increased SOC. Our findings provides valuable insights for agricultural management and ecological restoration in terraced areas of the Loess Plateau and contributes to the development of effective carbon sequestration policies for terraced arable lands.

Oasis agriculture is one of the main forms of agriculture in the world. Studying the impact of agricultural practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) within oases can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of carbon input and sequestration in oasis agriculture. It can contribute to the development of well-reasoned agricultural policies. This study focuses on the farmland in the typical inland river basin of the Shiyang River. We established an observation system and collected soil samples from different areas within the basin: upstream (mountainous farmland), midstream (oasis farmland), and downstream (farmland at the edge of the oasis). We analyzed the SOC content and compared the effects of various agricultural activities (abandoned land, forest land, grassland, and farmland abandoned for two years) on SOC levels. The findings suggest that: (1) In the same inland river basin, the organic carbon of farmland in the upper and middle reaches is significantly higher than that in the lower reaches, and the farmland in the core area of the oasis is higher than that in the marginal area; (2) Farmland in the inland river basin exhibits a higher SOC content compared to woodland and grassland areas. the process of agricultural leads to an increase in SOC content within the inland river basin; (3) The abandonment of cultivated land leads to a decrease in SOC, and plastic film mulching has no obvious effect on the content of SOC. The research clarifies the impact of agricultural activities on SOC in arid oasis areas, and quantified the impact of different agricultural activities on SOC. The research can provide new references for understanding the impact of agriculture in arid regions on carbon cycling.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a growing health burden with limited treatment options worldwide. Herein we report a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose trial of a first-in-class pan-phosphodiesterase inhibitor ZSP1601 in 36 NAFLD patients (NCT04140123). There were three cohorts. Each cohort included twelve patients, nine of whom received ZSP1601 50 mg once daily, 50 mg twice daily, or 100 mg twice daily, and three of whom received matching placebos for 28 days. The primary outcomes were the safety and tolerability of ZSP1601. A total of 27 (27/36, 75%) patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). Most TEAEs were mild to moderate. There was no Serious Adverse Event. Diarrhea, transiently elevated creatinine and adaptive headache were frequently reported adverse drug reaction. We conclude that ZSP1601 is well-tolerated and safe, showing effective improvement in liver chemistries, liver fat content and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a growing health burden with limited treatment options worldwide. Herein the authors report a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose trial of a first-in-class pan-phosphodiesterase inhibitor ZSP1601 in NAFLD patients.

A thorough understanding of the processes and driving factors of ion migration, dilution, and enrichment in arid inland river basins is the basis for implementing water resources management. In this study, we analyzed the water chemistry of streamflow, groundwater, and precipitation and the behavior of main elements in the Shiyang River Basin by means of the hydrochemical diagram and multivariate statistical analysis. The spatial variation of water chemistry was obvious, and the conversion between different water bodies was frequent. The ions migrated from the mountain area to the oasis and desert and accumulated near the terminal lake finally. There were obvious differences in hydrochemistry between surface water and groundwater. From the mountain to the basin, the hydrochemical type of surfer water has varied, and the hydrochemical type of groundwater has changed from Ca–Cl type to Na–Cl type. The hydrochemistry of the basin was controlled by silicate weathering. However, the influence of water–rock interaction on surface water and groundwater was different, and the surface water was more complex. Significantly, agricultural activities and sewage discharge had a negative impact on the water environment. Interbasin water transfer (IBWT) was a form of external ions input from outside the basin, which affected the chemical characteristics of surface water in the lower reaches to a certain extent. In arid areas, human impact on water chemistry needs to be paid attention. These results are helpful to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between different regions and different water bodies in the arid basin.

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data are widely used in drought studies. In this study, we quantified drought severity based on land terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes in GRACE data. We used the water storage deficit (WSD) and water storage deficit index (WSDI) to identify the drought events and evaluate the drought severity. The WSDI calculated by GRACE provides an effective assessment method when assessing the extent of drought over large areas under a lack of site data. The results show a total of 22 drought events in the central Asian dry zone during the study period. During spring and autumn, the droughts among these incidents occurred more frequently and severely. The longest and most severe drought occurred near the Caspian Sea. In the arid area of central Asia, the north of the region tended to be moist (the WSDI value was 0.04 year−1), and the south, east, and Caspian Sea area tended to be drier (the WSDI values were −0.07 year−1 in the south, −0.11 year−1 in the east, and −0.19 year−1 in the Caspian Sea). These study results can provide a key scientific basis for agricultural development, food security, and climate change response in the Asian arid zone.

Global changes and human activities have significantly altered water cycle processes and water resource patterns in inland river basins in arid zones. New tools are needed to conduct more comprehensive and scientific assessments of basin water cycle processes and water resource patterns. Based on GRACE satellite and Landsat data, this study investigated terrestrial water storage changes and surface water area in the Shiyang River Drainage Basin from 2002 to 2021. It explored the effects of climate change and water conservancy construction on terrestrial water storage changes in the basin. The results of the study show that, although the surface water quantity in the Shiyang River basin has increased in the past 20 years, the overall decreasing trend of terrestrial water storage in the basin of the Shiyang River has an interannual decreasing rate of 0.01 cm/a. The decreasing trend of water storage in the midstream and downstream areas is more prominent. The change in precipitation controls the change in water storage in the Shiyang River Drainage Basin. Artificial water transfer has changed the spatial distribution of water resources in the basin of the Shiyang River. However, it still has not completely reversed the trend of decreasing water storage in the middle and lower reaches of the Shiyang River.