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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have recently demonstrated outstanding performance in a variety of high-level tasks, such as image classification. However, advancements in the field of low-level assignments, such as image reconstruction, are rare. This may be due to the lack of promising image encoding techniques and corresponding neuromorphic devices designed specifically for SNN-based low-level vision problems. This paper begins by proposing a simple yet effective undistorted weighted-encoding-decoding technique, which primarily consists of an Undistorted Weighted-Encoding (UWE) and an Undistorted Weighted-Decoding (UWD). The former aims to convert a gray image into spike sequences for effective SNN learning, while the latter converts spike sequences back into images. Then, we design a new SNN training strategy, known as Independent-Temporal Backpropagation (ITBP) to avoid complex loss propagation in spatial and temporal dimensions, and experiments show that ITBP is superior to Spatio-Temporal Backpropagation (STBP). Finally, a so-called Virtual Temporal SNN (VTSNN) is formulated by incorporating the above-mentioned approaches into U-net network architecture, fully utilizing the potent multiscale representation capability. Experimental results on several commonly used datasets such as MNIST, F-MNIST, and CIFAR10 demonstrate that the proposed method produces competitive noise-removal performance extremely which is superior to the existing work. Compared to ANN with the same architecture, VTSNN has a greater chance of achieving superiority while consuming ~1/274 of the energy. Specifically, using the given encoding-decoding strategy, a simple neuromorphic circuit could be easily constructed to maximize this low-carbon strategy.

Machine is adopted to replace human eyes to complete measurement and judgments. Target image is identified by computer and insert into automatic aiming control process to complete the shooting direction computing and automatic position aiming process.

Preparing multi‐color and multi‐stimuli‐responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials and understanding the evolution of chirality through the visualized mode is still a challenge. Here, an encapsulation engineering approach of chiral metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is proposed to confine guest emitters to realize multi‐color and multi‐stimuli‐responsive CPL. Based on triplet‐triplet energy transfer (TTET), white CPL and near‐infrared circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence (NIR‐CPRTP) can be obtained by introducing the pyrene derivatives. With the introduction of the guest containing vinylpyrene group, the light‐ and thermal‐responsive CPL with the signal inversion can be realized through the reversible [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between the ligand and guest triggered by visible light/ultraviolet light or heating. Furthermore, the excitation‐dependent CPL is successfully achieved with the incorporation of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecules into nanopores. Importantly, the chirality magnification can be greatly enhanced through the chiral spatial confinement, the accurate host‐guest single crystal structures of FLT@DCF‐12 and FLT@LCF‐12 provide the visualized mode to understand the mechanism of chirality transfer, amplification and responsiveness. White LED and multiple information display and encryption are further demonstrated. This breakthrough provides a new perspective to guest‐encapsulated chiral MOFs and contributes to the construction of stimuli‐responsive CPL‐active materials. Based on three strategies including Dexter energy transfer (DET), [2+2] cycloaddition and Excited intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), a universal platform is built by using chiral metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as host matrix to encapsulate guest emitters. NIR‐CPRTP, white CPL, and light‐, thermal‐ and excitation‐responsive CPL are achieved. The single crystal structures of FLT‐load MOFs provide a visualized mode to reveal the chirality transfer, amplification and response.

The circadian clock is closely related to the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, and disruption of the circadian clock exacerbates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). HDAC3 is a key component of the circadian negative feedback loop that controls the expression pattern of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-erbα to maintain the stability of circadian genes such as BMAL1. However, the mechanism by which the HDAC3-orchestrated Rev-erbα/BMAL1 pathway increases MI/RI in diabetes and its relationship with mitophagy have yet to be elucidated. Here, we observed that the clock genes Rev-erbα, BMAL1, and C/EBPβ oscillations were altered in the hearts of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, with upregulated HDAC3 expression. Oscillations of Rev-erbα and BMAL1 were rapidly attenuated in diabetic MI/R hearts versus non-diabetic I/RI hearts, in accordance with impaired and rhythm-disordered circadian-dependent mitophagy that increased injury. Genetic knockdown of HDAC3 significantly attenuated diabetic MI/RI by mediating the Rev-erbα/BMAL1 circadian pathway to recover mitophagy. Primary cardiomyocytes with or without HDAC3 siRNA and Rev-erbα siRNA were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. The expression of HDAC3 and Rev-erbα in cardiomyocytes was increased under high-glucose conditions compared with low-glucose conditions, with decreased BMAL1 expression and mitophagy levels. After H/R stimulation, high glucose aggravated H/R injury, with upregulated HDAC3 and Rev-erbα expression and decreased BMAL1 and mitophagy levels. HDAC3 and Rev-erbα siRNA can alleviate high glucose-induced and H/R-induced injury by upregulating BMAL1 to increase mitophagy. Collectively, these findings suggest that disruption of HDAC3-mediated circadian gene expression oscillations induces mitophagy dysfunction, aggravating diabetic MI/RI. Cardiac-specific HDAC3 knockdown could alleviate diabetic MI/RI by regulating the Rev-erbα/BMAL1 pathway to restore the activation of mitophagy.

Myocardial cold ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable consequence of heart transplantation, significantly affecting survival rates and therapeutic outcomes. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) has been shown to regulate GPX4-mediated ferroptosis, playing a critical role in mitigating I/R injury. Meanwhile, verbascoside (VB), an active compound extracted from the herbaceous plant, has demonstrated myocardial protective effects. In this study, heart transplantation was performed using a modified non-suture cuff technique, with VB administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection for 3 days in vivo. In vitro, cardiomyocytes were pretreated with 50 µg/ml VB for 24 h. VB treatment significantly reduced histopathological injury, decreased myocardial injury markers, and inhibited ferroptosis and oxidative stress during myocardial cold I/R injury in vivo. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that GDF15 alleviates ferroptosis induced by hypoxic reoxygenation by upregulating GPX4. Therefore, it is concluded that VB preconditioning can effectively reduce ferroptosis induced by myocardial cold I/R after heterotopic heart transplantation, possibly through up-regulation of GDF15/GPX4/SLC7A11 pathway.

Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) in older adults is characterized by structural remodeling and subtle functional impairment that may escape conventional echocardiography. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE)-derived left atrial strain rates for functional assessment in elderly patients with HHD. In this retrospective, single-center cohort, 236 patients aged ≥65 years were enrolled (January 2023-January 2025): 118 with echocardiographic HHD and 118 age-matched hypertensive controls without structural abnormalities. Transthoracic echocardiography with 2D-STE quantified mean peak left atrial strain rates in late diastole (mSRa), early diastole (mSRe), and systole (mSRs). Elderly HHD patients were stratified by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Group comparisons used t-tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC) evaluated discrimination. Compared with controls, the HHD group had larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD 60.29 ± 5.26 vs 48.17 ± 5.46 mm; P<0.001), lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 51.10 ± 7.25% vs 61.21 ± 4.96%; P<0.001), and impaired atrial mechanics (mSRa -2.20 ± 0.27 vs -2.75 ± 0.30 s ; P<0.001; mSRe -2.29 ± 0.33 vs -1.90 ± 0.38 s ; P<0.001; mSRs 1.34 ± 0.30 vs 2.15 ± 0.31 s ; P<0.001). Within HHD, NYHA III-IV showed worse strain than NYHA I-II (eg, mSRa -1.90 ± 0.26 vs -2.48 ± 0.23 s ; P<0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discrimination of functional severity: AUC 0.916 for mSRa (cut-off -2.367 s ; sensitivity 96.8%; specificity 76.7%), AUC 0.876 for mSRe (-2.302 s ; 91.6%; 65.0%), and AUC 0.881 for mSRs (1.361 s ; 92.5%; 68.7%) (all P<0.001). In elderly HHD, 2D-STE-derived atrial strain rates (mSRa, mSRe, mSRs) are significantly impaired, correlate with NYHA class, and provide high diagnostic accuracy for differentiating mild versus severe functional limitation. These indices may serve as sensitive, non-invasive markers to support early detection and clinical stratification in this population. Prospective studies are needed to establish prognostic utility.

Slow freezing is the most commonly used technique for the cryopreservation of spermatozoa in clinical practice. However, it has been shown to have a negative impact on sperm function and structure. Vitrification as a successful alternative method has been proved to have better protective effects on human embryos, but vitrification of spermatozoa is still subject to low recovery rates. In this study, a modified vitrification method for native spermatozoa was developed. A total of 28 semen samples were included; each sample was divided into three equal parts and assigned to fresh, slow freezing, and vitrification groups. Sperm vitality, motility, morphology, DNA integrity, and acrosome reaction were assessed for each of the groups. The results showed that vitrification achieves better results for several sperm protection parameters than slow freezing; vitrification achieves a higher recovery rate (P < 0.05), motility (P <0.05), morphology (P <0.05), and curve line velocity (P <0.05) than slow freezing. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation was decreased (P <0.05) and better acrosome protection (P <0.05) was exhibited in the spermatozoa after vitrification. Principal component analysis of all sperm parameters revealed that the vitrification cluster was closer to the fresh cluster, indicating that spermatozoa are better preserved through vitrification. In conclusion, while both slow freezing and vitrification have negative effects on sperm function and structure, the vitrification protocol described here had a relatively better recovery rate (65.8%) and showed improved preservation of several sperm quality parameters compared with slow freezing.

Myrica rubra is known for its popularity and robust nutritional value. While fresh Myrica rubra fruit is a perishable commodity, it has a short post-harvest life and is susceptible to fungal decay after harvest. Melatonin has been reported to delay the aging and quality decline of various fruits and vegetables after harvest. However, the effects of pre-harvest melatonin treatment on the maintenance of post-harvest quality and storage extension of fresh Myrica rubra fruit are still unclear. The impact of pre-harvest spraying of melatonin at different concentrations (100 μM, 300 μM, and 500 μM) on the fruit quality of Myrica rubra during storage at room temperature or 4 °C was investigated. The results indicated that in the final stage of storage, compared with the control group, different concentrations of melatonin reduced the decay index by 13.0–47.1% and also decreased the weight loss, the content of O2−•, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively. Meanwhile, melatonin increased the content of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the total polyphenols and flavonoids content. Finally, RNA transcriptome sequencing revealed that melatonin enhanced the antioxidant capacity by increasing the expression of both antioxidant enzymes and changing phenylpropanoid pathway-related genes, therefore maintaining the fresh Myrica rubra quality. Our findings uncovered a potent role and mechanism of melatonin in maintaining Myrica rubra fruit quality during storage and suggest that pre-harvest melatonin spraying may be a convenient and effective method for prolonging storage and maintaining quality of fruits after picking.

Aim To understand why autonomic failures, a common non‐motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), occur earlier than typical motor disorders. Methods Vagal application of DOPAL (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) to simulate PD‐like autonomic dysfunction and understand the connection between PD and cardiovascular dysfunction. Molecular and morphological approaches were employed to test the time‐dependent alternation of α‐synuclein aggregation and the ultrastructure changes in the heart and nodose (NG)/nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Results Blood pressure (BP) and baroreflex sensitivity of DOPAL‐treated rats were significantly reduced accompanied with a time‐dependent change in orthostatic BP, consistent with altered echocardiography and cardiomyocyte mitochondrial ultrastructure. Notably, time‐dependent and collaborated changes in Mon‐/Tri‐α‐synuclein were paralleled with morphological alternation in the NG and NTS. Conclusion These all demonstrate that early autonomic dysfunction mediated by vagal application of DOPAL highly suggests the plausible etiology of PD initiated from peripheral, rather than central site. It will provide a scientific basis for the prevention and early diagnosis of PD. Application of DOPAL on Vagus causes significant accumulation of α‐Syn monomers to form toxic oligomers that could be transported to the heart TA and NG‐NTS by axon flow

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transglutaminase (TGase) treatment on structure and gelation properties of mung bean protein gel (MBPG). Structure properties for MBPG were determined by surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl groups, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), intermolecular forces and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the gelation properties of MBPG were characterized by rheological properties, textural properties, and water holding capacity (WHC). TGase treatment reduced surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group content of MBPG. SDS-PAGE showed that TGase cross-linking caused the protein band of TGase-induced MBPG to become shallow or disappear, especially 50.1 kDa band. In addition, TGase treatment changed the secondary structure of MBPG, with a reduction in β-sheet and an increase in β-turn and random coil. Intermolecular forces analysis manifested that covalent cross-linking and disulfide bonds were the primary forces involved in TGase-induced MBPG, and TGase treatment limited non-covalent interactions. SEM images indicated that the network structure of TGase-induced MBPG was more compact with smaller and more uniform pores than that of the control, especially at 30 U/g. Compared with the control, storage modulus (G′), hardness, chewiness, springiness, cohesiveness and WHC of 30 U/g TGase-induced MBPG reached the maximum of 45537 Pa, 1337.59 g, 1111.43, 0.99, 0.93, 87.0%, respectively. The results of this study showed that TGase treatment was a reliable method to improve the gelation properties of MBPG, especially at 30 U/g.