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Background Structured physical activity courses can effectively enhance preschool children’s motor skill development, and the type of activity may influence intervention outcomes. However, few studies have compared different courses, leaving educators without clear guidance for selecting effective interventions. This study examined the effects of three 12-week structured physical activity courses on the gross motor development of children aged 3–6, providing empirical evidence for intervention strategies. Methods A three-group quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design was adopted. Forty-five children aged 3–6 were recruited and assigned to one of three groups according to the course type: roller skating (RS), basketball (BT), and physical training (PT), with 15 children in each group. All participants received a 12-week intervention consisting of the assigned structured physical activity course, delivered twice weekly. Gross motor development was assessed before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3). A 2 (time: pre vs. post intervention) × 3 (group: RS, BT, PT) repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine within-group and between-group differences in TGMD-3 scores. Results After 12 weeks, the total gross motor score showed a significant time × group interaction. All three groups improved significantly ( p  < 0.01), and post-intervention scores in the BT and PT groups were higher than in the RS group ( p  < 0.01). The total locomotor score showed a significant main effect of time ( p  < 0.01), with improvements observed across all groups. Significant improvements were observed across locomotor skills, although gallop and skip improved only in the BT and PT groups. The total object control score also showed a significant time × group interaction, with improvements in all groups ( p  < 0.01) and higher post-intervention scores in the BT and PT groups compared with the RS group ( p  < 0.01). Among individual object control skills, two-hand strike of a stationary ball, two hand catch, and underhand throw showed significant interactions, with BT and PT outperforming RS after the intervention ( p  < 0.05). For the remaining skills, significant time main effects were detected across groups ( p  < 0.01). All groups improved in one hand stationary dribble, forehand strike of a self-bounced ball, and kicking a stationary ball ( p  < 0.01), while only the BT and PT groups improved in overhand throw ( p  < 0.01). A group main effect was also observed for the one-hand stationary dribble test ( p  < 0.01). Conclusions A 12-week engagement in roller skating, basketball, or physical training courses was associated with enhancements in locomotor skills, object control skills, and overall gross motor skill levels among 3–6-year-old children. Further comparison indicated that, although no significant group differences were observed in the overall gain in total locomotor scores, the basketball and physical training groups exhibited positive changes across all individual locomotor tasks. In contrast, while the roller skating group was associated with positive changes in most locomotor skills, less pronounced gains were observed in gallop and skip. Regarding object control skills, children in the basketball and physical training groups showed greater gains than those in the roller skating group in both overall object control performance and specific tasks such as two-hand strike of a stationary ball, two-hand catch, and underhand throw.

This paper examined the thermal gelation of yak myofibrillar protein (MP) incubated in a Fenton oxidation system at different pH values for 24 h. The effect of protein oxidation on the gel properties at different pH levels was explored by studying the water-holding capacity (WHC), solubility, texture, and other characteristics, while the chemical force, rheological, and microstructural variation in these conditions were analyzed. The results showed that protein oxidation negatively impacted the yak meat MP gel characteristics ( p  < 0.05). Increasing the H 2 O 2 interval at different pH levels significantly decreased ( p  < 0.05) the WHC, solubility, and texture of the protein gel, the average reduction was 7.5%, 27.5%, 12.5% respectively. The H 2 O 2 concentration and pH level substantially affected ionic and hydrogen bond formation ( p  < 0.05). Oxidation had the most obvious impact on the gel characteristics at pH 5.0. The MP gel displayed a loose, disordered microstructure with the lowest WHC, textural strength, storage modulus (G’), and intermolecular protein force. Oxidation had the least impact on the gel properties at pH 6.0. The MP gel exhibited the highest textural strength, G’, and intermolecular forces, characterized by a compact, orderly microstructure with small, uniformly distributed pores. The gel displayed the best WHC after oxidation at pH 8.0.

Physical activity has been found to be negatively correlated with academic procrastination. However, the potential mediating variables in this relationship are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the mediating effects of self-esteem and depression in the relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination among Chinese undergraduate students. A total of 1233 Chinese undergraduate students participated in the study. The unidimensionality of the self-esteem, depression, and academic procrastination was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Serial mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0 macro-PROCESS 3.3 to examine whether self-esteem and depression jointly mediated the relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination. Self-esteem, depression, and academic procrastination displayed a good-fit to the one-factor model. The results indicated that physical activity indirectly impact academic procrastination through three pathways: (1) self-esteem (β=-0.011, Boots 95% CI [-0.021, -0.001]), which accounted for of 12.09% of the total effect, (2) depression (β=-0.022, Boots 95% CI [-0.036, -0.009]), which accounted for 24.18% of the total effect, and (3) self-esteem and depression (β=-0.006, Boots 95% CI [-0.011, -0.002]), which accounted for 6.59% of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 42.86%. These findings suggest that self-esteem and depression playing a mediating role in the relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination, respectively. Moreover, self-esteem and depression co-mediate this relationship through a serial pathway.

This paper aims to collect a compendium of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the effects of cognitively engaging physical activity (PA) interventions (basketball and floorball) on various domain-specific executive functions (EFs) in children aged 4 to 12. Following the PRISMA principle, 11 articles (total sample size: 2053) were analyzed for effect size and moderating impact with Stata 13.0 software. Overall EFs (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.32, p < 0.05), updating (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.30, p < 0.05) and shifting (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.61, p < 0.05) were enhanced by cognitively engaging PA interventions. Age and BMI were found to have no effect on overall EFs performance in Meta regression. Overall EFs performance was improved by interventions with a session length (≥35 min) (SMD = 0.30, 95 % CI 0.10 to 0.49, p = 0.033). The review suggests that despite the moderate effect sizes, cognitively engaging PA may be an effective approach to improving EFs in children aged 4 to 12, especially updating and shifting.

This study investigated the dose–response relationship between structured physical activity frequency and improvements in physical fitness in preschool children. Sixty-three children (3-6 years) were divided according to weekly participation frequency in a 12-week structured physical training program (60 min/session): low frequency (L, ≤1 session/week), moderate frequency (M, 1-2 sessions/week), moderate-to-high frequency (MH, 2-3 sessions/week), and high frequency (H, ≥3 sessions/week). Physical fitness was assessed before and after the intervention using six standardized motor tests. These tests included walking the balance beam, 10 m × 2 shuttle run, tennis throwing, continuous jumping with both feet, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach. A 2 (Time: pre- vs post-intervention) × 4 (Group: L/M/MH/H) repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze changes within and between groups.Significant time × group interactions were found for walking the balance beam, 10 m × 2 shuttle run, tennis throwing, continuous jumping with both feet, and standing long jump (p < 0.05), but not for sit-and-reach flexibility. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the H group performed better than L across all five indicators and outperformed M in the 10 m × 2 shuttle run, tennis throwing, and standing long jump (p < 0.05). The MH group demonstrated better performance than the L group in the balance beam walk, 10 m × 2 shuttle run, and tennis throwing. However, no significant differences were observed between the MH and H groups at post-test. These findings indicate that participating in structured physical activity fewer than two sessions per week is insufficient to enhance preschool children’s physical fitness. In contrast, engagement at least twice per week significantly improves key indicators of strength, coordination, and agility. However, performance reach a performance plateau when frequency exceeds three sessions per week, suggesting diminishing marginal returns. Incorporating moderate-to-high frequency structured physical activity into preschool curricula may thus be an efficient strategy for optimizing fitness development in early childhood. Taken together, these findings emphasize the need for at least two weekly sessions of structured physical activity to effectively enhance physical fitness in preschool children.

This paper examined the thermal gelation of yak myofibrillar protein (MP) incubated in a Fenton oxidation system at different pH values for 24 h. The effect of protein oxidation on the gel properties at different pH levels was explored by studying the water-holding capacity (WHC), solubility, texture, and other characteristics, while the chemical force, rheological, and microstructural variation in these conditions were analyzed. The results showed that protein oxidation negatively impacted the yak meat MP gel characteristics (p < 0.05). Increasing the H O interval at different pH levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the WHC, solubility, and texture of the protein gel, the average reduction was 7.5%, 27.5%, 12.5% respectively. The H O concentration and pH level substantially affected ionic and hydrogen bond formation (p < 0.05). Oxidation had the most obvious impact on the gel characteristics at pH 5.0. The MP gel displayed a loose, disordered microstructure with the lowest WHC, textural strength, storage modulus (G'), and intermolecular protein force. Oxidation had the least impact on the gel properties at pH 6.0. The MP gel exhibited the highest textural strength, G', and intermolecular forces, characterized by a compact, orderly microstructure with small, uniformly distributed pores. The gel displayed the best WHC after oxidation at pH 8.0.

Under the traditional control method, the dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP–PMSM) has a harmonic plane with low impedance, and it can produce larger harmonic current. Model predictive control (MPC) has a simple control structure and a good dynamic performance. The MPC is usually used in a high-performance control system of multiphase motors. Aiming at the DTP–PMSM drive system, an improved MPC strategy based on the biplane virtual voltage vector is proposed in this paper. In the proposed biplane MPC scheme, the voltage vector of the α–β plane is virtual to 25 voltage vectors, while the voltage vector of the x–y plane is virtual to zero. At the same time, the voltage vector of the x–y plane is virtual to 25 voltage vectors, while the voltage vector of the α–β plane is virtual to zero. On this basis, the cost function of the biplane is evaluated. The operating time and reference voltage of each vector are calculated. The virtual voltage vector on the α–β plane is used for electromechanical energy conversion to generate the best electromagnetic torque and reduce torque ripple. The virtual voltage vector on the x–y plane is used to suppress the stator current harmonics and improve the efficiency of the DTP–PMSM. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed biplane MPC.

A Valen Schiff-base ligand [1,5-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)thiocarbonohydrazide] and its bismuth(III) complex were synthesized. The compositions and structures of two compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, spectrometry (1HNMR, MS, FT-IR, and UV-visible), chemical analysis, molar conductivity, and TG–DTA analysis. The results showed that the molecular formula of Schiff base and its bismuth(III) complex was C17H18O4N4S (abbreviated as H2L, L = C17H16O4N4S) and [Bi(C17H16O4N4S)Cl·H2O] (abbreviated as [Bi(L)Cl·H2O]), respectively. Furthermore, the thermokinetic properties of the action of Schiff base and its bismuth(III) complex on the growth metabolism of S. pombe were studied by bio-microcalorimetry at 305.15 K. The growth rate constant (k), maximum heat power, generation time, inhibition ratio (I) and half inhibition concentration (IC50), and their quantitative relationship with the concentration were calculated, respectively. Experimental results indicated that both Schiff base and its bismuth(III) complex could inhibit the growth of S. pombe, but the inhibitory effect of Schiff base was stronger than that of the complex. The half inhibition concentrations of Schiff base and its bismuth(III) complex were found to be 4.17 × 10−3 mol L−1 and 6.13 × 10−3 mol L−1, respectively.

● The PSF of three species is positive in response to different soil origin. ● The PSF of early-species is negative in response to plant growth period. ● The PSF of mid- and late-species is negative in early- species soil over time. ● The PSF of mid- and late-species is neutral in mid- species soil over time. ● The PSF of mid- and late-species is positive in late-species soil over time. Secondary succession is the process by which a community develops into a climax community over time. However, knowledge on the mechanisms, relating to soil legacy effects (soil chemistry and enzyme activity) and plant–soil feedback (PSF), driving community succession remains limited. In this work, we examined the PSF associated with three succession stage species through a 2-year greenhouse experiment. Setaria viridis, Stipa bungeana, and Bothriochloa ischemum were selected to represent dominant and representative early-, mid-, and late-successional stage species, respectively, of semiarid grasslands on the Loess Plateau. In response to the different soil origin, the shoot biomass of early-, mid-, and late-species were all higher when grown in their own soil than in other species’ soils, which indicated that the PSF of three species were positive. Over two growth periods, the early-species experienced a negative PSF, but the mid- and late-species experienced negative, neutral and positive PSF in the soil of early-, mid- and late-species, respectively. Our study demonstrates that soil legacy effects and PSF have a significant impact on community succession processes.

*Exotic species cannot obtain more biomass when growing in new areas. *The invasion ability of the exotic species decreased following succession. *The recovery ability of native species increased following succession. *Our study can strengthen our understanding of invasion and restoration ecology. Exotic species invasion represent important causes of harming the structure, function, and ecological environment in ecosystems. Yet, knowledge remains limited on the invasibility (invasion advantage of exotic species) and recoverability (recovery ability of native species) of a plant community following invasion depend on its successional stages. We selected three grasses of Setaria viridis, Artemisia gmelinii, and Bothriochloa ischemum representing early (E), middle (M), and late (L) successional species, respectively. Meanwhile, the grasses of Panicum virgatum was selected represent exotic species (invasion species). Three types of soil were collected to treat the three E, M, and L successional species, and one types of soil was collected to treat the exotic species. We compared the performance of the three native plant species and one exotic species grown in their \"own\" and \"other\" soils in a 2-year greenhouse experiment. Our study showed that exotic species performed better in soils of E and M successional species than in the soil of L successional species. After exotic species removed, E and M successional species exhibited poor growth in the soil of exotic species, while that of L successional species performed poor in field exotic species soils, but performed better in soils disturbed by exotic species. Our study demonstrated that the invasibility and recoverability of native plant communities changed with vegetation succession.