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Carbon-11 ( 11 C) is one of the most ideal positron emitters for labeling bioactive molecules for molecular imaging studies. The lack of convenient and fast incorporation methods to introduce 11 C into organic molecules often hampers the use of this radioisotope. Here, a fluoride-mediated desilylation (FMDS) 11 C-labeling approach is reported. This method relies on thermodynamically favored Si-F bond formation to generate a carbanion, therefore enabling the highly efficient and speedy incorporation of [ 11 C]CO 2 and [ 11 C]CH 3 I into molecules with diversified structures. It provides facile and rapid access to 11 C-labeled compounds with carbon-11 attached at various hybridized carbons as well as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen atoms with broad functional group tolerance. The exemplified syntheses of several biologically and clinically important radiotracers illustrates the potentials of this methodology. Convenient and fast methods to introduce 11 C into organic molecules are of great help for molecular imaging studies. Here, the authors developed an efficient incorporation of [ 11 C]CO 2 and [ 11 C]CH 3 I into molecules via a fluoride-mediated desilylation process.

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the relationship between PRL level and serum inflammatory and immune markers in patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and analyzed the effect of bromocriptine treatment on serum inflammatory and immune markers in patients with GLM. These analyses were conducted to illustrate that PRL is not only an endocrine hormone but also an immune factor, thereby providing evidence that GLM is an autoimmune disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis of GLM cases admitted between 2023 and 2024. Clinical features were compared between patients with differential prolactin (PRL) levels using nonparametric tests, with concomitant documentation of prevalent clinical manifestations. Spearman's rank correlation was employed to assess associations between PRL concentrations and clinical characteristics/serum biomarkers. To evaluate bromocriptine's therapeutic efficacy, a propensity score-matched (PSM) cohort was established. Longitudinal serological changes were analyzed using nonparametric statistical methods for paired comparisons. Elevated prolactin levels significantly correlated with lesion size (p<0.05). Patients with abnormal PRL exhibited lower 6-month cure rates compared to those with normal levels (93.1% 100%, p=0.02). Baseline-PRL positively associated with neutrophil counts (NE#), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), and ceruloplasmin (CER) (all p<0.05). After treatment, baseline-PRL remained linked to elevated neutrophils, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), T4 lymphocyte percentage (CD4+ T cells), and IgE, but inversely correlated with lymphocytes (all p<0.05). Propensity-matched analysis (17 bromocriptine-treated . 13 no-treated) revealed reduced ESR, downregulated major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) expression, and increased interleukin 4 (IL4), interleukin 5 (IL5), and regulatory T cell percentage (Treg%) levels in the treatment group (all p<0.05). Our findings suggest prolactin may act as an immunomodulatory factor in GLM, potentially influencing T/B-cell immunity and inflammatory cytokine recruitment. Additionally, the observed correlation between prolactin and ceruloplasmin positions ceruloplasmin as a candidate biomarker for GLM, though further validation in independent cohorts is required.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the association between mammary intraductal secretions (IDS) and demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators and prognosis in patients with non-puerperal mastitis (NPM). Patients and methods A retrospective analysis of 340 NPM patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Breast, Shuguang Hospital, between April 2020 and December 2021 was conducted. Based on intraoperative findings of IDS, patients were divided into two groups: the IDS group (with intraductal lipid-like secretions) and the non-IDS group (without intraductal lipid-like secretions). Demographic data, clinical features, laboratory parameters, and prognostic outcomes were systematically compared between the two groups. Results Patients with NPM and IDS had a significantly higher median age at disease onset (33 years vs. 32 years; P = 0.047) and body mass index (BMI) (24.0 kg/m 2 vs. 22.9 kg/m 2 ; P = 0.013) compared with those in the non-IDS group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified older age and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m 2 ) as independent risk factors for IDS in NPM. Although clinical symptoms did not differ significantly between the two groups, the IDS group demonstrated elevated systemic inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and fibrinogen (Fg) (all P  < 0.05). Immunological assessment revealed significantly higher levels of complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) in humoral immunity, as well as an increased proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in cellular immunity (all P  < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups in prolactin (PRL) levels, lipid profiles, or cytokine concentrations (all P > 0.05). During follow-up, patients in the IDS group experienced longer healing times, higher rates of ipsilateral recurrence, and a greater incidence of bilateral disease compared with those in the non-IDS group (all P  < 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates that obesity-related IDS are significantly associated with increased systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and unfavorable prognostic outcomes in NPM. The identification of IDS provides valuable insight for risk stratification and supports the development of personalized management strategies. Overweight and obesity were identified as independent risk factors for IDS, highlighting weight control as a potential therapeutic approach. Future investigations should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms and exploring targeted therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes.

Background Nonpuerperal mastitis (NPM) is a disease that presents with redness, swelling, heat, and pain during nonlactation and can often be confused with breast cancer. The etiology of NPM remains elusive; however, emerging clinical evidence suggests a potential involvement of lipid metabolism. Method Liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based untargeted lipidomics analysis combined with multivariate statistics was performed to investigate the NPM lipid change in breast tissue. Twenty patients with NPM and 10 controls were enrolled in this study. Results The results revealed significant differences in lipidomics profiles, and a total of 16 subclasses with 14,012 different lipids were identified in positive and negative ion modes. Among these lipids, triglycerides (TGs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and cardiolipins (CLs) were the top three lipid components between the NPM and control groups. Subsequently, a total of 35 lipids were subjected to screening as potential biomarkers, and the chosen lipid biomarkers exhibited enhanced discriminatory capability between the two groups. Furthermore, pathway analysis elucidated that the aforementioned alterations in lipids were primarily associated with the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. The correlation between distinct lipid populations and clinical phenotypes was assessed through weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Conclusions This study demonstrates that untargeted lipidomics assays conducted on breast tissue samples from patients with NPM exhibit noteworthy alterations in lipidomes. The findings of this study highlight the substantial involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism in lipid metabolism within the context of NPM. Consequently, this study offers valuable insights that can contribute to a more comprehensive comprehension of NPM in subsequent investigations. Trial registration Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Number: 2019-702-57; Date: July 2019).

Objectives This study aims to build a machine learning (ML) model to predict the recurrence probability for postoperative non-lactating mastitis (NLM) by Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost algorithms. It can provide the ability to identify the risk of NLM recurrence and guidance in clinical treatment plan. Methods This study was conducted on inpatients who were admitted to the Mammary Department of Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 2019 to December 2021. Inpatient data follow-up has been completed until December 2022. Ten features were selected in this study to build the ML model: age, body mass index (BMI), number of abortions, presence of inverted nipples, extent of breast mass, white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) and triglyceride (TG) and presence of intraoperative discharge. We used two ML approaches (RF and XGBoost) to build models and predict the NLM recurrence risk of female patients. Totally 258 patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set according to a 75%-25% proportion. The model performance was evaluated based on Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score and AUC. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) method was used to interpret the model. Results There were 48 (18.6%) NLM patients who experienced recurrence during the follow-up period. Ten features were selected in this study to build the ML model. For the RF model, BMI is the most important influence factor and for the XGBoost model is intraoperative discharge. The results of tenfold cross-validation suggest that both the RF model and the XGBoost model have good predictive performance, but the XGBoost model has a better performance than the RF model in our study. The trends of SHAP values of all features in our models are consistent with the trends of these features’ clinical presentation. The inclusion of these ten features in the model is necessary to build practical prediction models for recurrence. Conclusions The results of tenfold cross-validation and SHAP values suggest that the models have predictive ability. The trend of SHAP value provides auxiliary validation in our models and makes it have more clinical significance.

Background The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of red ointment, a widely used topical agent in traditional Chinese medicine, in promoting wound cavity repair following debridement for non-puerperal mastitis (NPM). Methods A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted, including 88 patients diagnosed with NPM. Patients were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group. All patients underwent debridement during the acute inflammatory phase. Postoperatively, the treatment group received daily dressing changes using sterile gauze strips infused with red ointment, whereas the control group received sterile gauze strips soaked in rivanol. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed after two weeks by evaluating the total effective rate, wound cavity score, symptom and sign score, laboratory parameters, and adverse events. Results In the intention to treat analysis, the total effective rate was 90.9% in the red ointment group, which was higher than the 86.4% observed in the rivanol group. In the per protocol analysis, the total effective rate was 97.6% in the red ointment group, exceeding the 92.7% in the rivanol group. Compared with rivanol-treated gauze strips, the use of red ointment gauze strips resulted in a significantly greater reduction in wound cavity volume ( p  < 0.05), improved local breast symptoms ( p  < 0.05), and a lower wound cavity score ( p  < 0.001). Granulation tissue in the red ointment group exhibited a significantly fresher color compared to the rivanol group ( p  < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding adverse effects on hepatic and renal function following treatment. Conclusion The use of red ointment gauze strips for wound cavity filling following NPM debridement demonstrated favorable clinical efficacy and safety, providing a viable option for postoperative drainage management.

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the study of tumor metabolism above and beyond the Warburg effect. Studies on cancer cell metabolism have provided evidence that tumor-specific activation of signaling pathways, such as the upregulation of the oncogene myc, can regulate glutamine uptake and its metabolism through glutaminolysis to provide the cancer cell with a replacement of energy source. We report a convenient procedure to prepare l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine. The tracer was evaluated in 9L and SF188 tumor cells (glioma and astrocytoma cell lines). The biodistribution of l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine in rodent tumor models was investigated by dissection and PET. By reacting (11)C-cyanide ion with protected 4-iodo-2-amino-butanoic ester, the key intermediate was obtained in good yield. After hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic and sulfonic acids, the desired optically pure l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine was obtained (radiochemical yield, 5% at the end of synthesis; radiochemical purity, >95%). Tumor cell uptake studies showed maximum uptake of l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine reached 17.9% and 22.5% per 100 μg of protein, respectively, at 60 min in 9L and SF188 tumor cells. At 30 min after incubation, more than 30% of the activity appeared to be incorporated into cellular protein. Biodistribution in normal mice showed that l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine had significant pancreas uptake (7.37 percentage injected dose per gram at 15 min), most likely due to the exocrine function and high protein turnover within the pancreas. Heart uptake was rapid, and there was 3.34 percentage injected dose per gram remaining at 60 min after injection. Dynamic small-animal PET studies in rats bearing xenografted 9L tumors and in transgenic mice bearing spontaneous mammary gland tumors showed a prominent tumor uptake and retention. The data demonstrated that this tracer was favorably taken up in the tumor models. The results suggest that l-[5-(11)C]-glutamine might be useful for probing in vivo tumor metabolism in glutaminolytic tumors.

The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics of non-puerperal mastitis. A retrospective study was undertaken to investigate 724 cases of non-puerperal mastitis in patients hospitalized from April 2004 to December 2021 at the Mammary Gland Department of Shuguang Hospital, which is affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Employing statistical methodologies including mean ± standard deviation, median, and one-sample -test, the study sought to analyze and delineate factors associated with morbidity, such as age, childbirth, lactation, and body mass index (BMI). The average age of the 724 patients was 33.4 ± 5.5 years. Among them 54.94% were aged 30-39 years, 65.16% were within five years after delivery, and 62.56% were breastfeeding for less than 6 months. The BMI of patients aged 30-39 years was higher than that of the general Chinese population (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between smoking, oral contraceptives, trauma, and the incidence of the disease in this group. Non-puerperal mastitis is more prevalent among women of childbearing age, specifically those aged 30-39 years, who breastfed for less than 6 months within the first five years after childbirth. In this age group, higher BMI is linked to increased morbidity.

To determine the risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of adolescent non-puerperal mastitis patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 10 cases of NPM in adolescents who underwent surgical treatment at Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2021 to August 2023. We analyze the patient's general information, clinical characteristics, related medical history, laboratory indicators, breast magnetic resonance imaging examination, postoperative pathology, prognosis, etc. The clinical manifestations of NPM in adolescents mainly included redness, swelling and pain in the breasts, congenital nipple retraction, and extensive lesion range. Inflammatory markers and prolactin were elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging showed circular enhancement with abscess formation as the main type. All patients underwent surgical treatment with a fast recovery time after surgery. No recurrence was observed during follow-up and the postoperative breast appearance was satisfactory. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that congenital nipple retraction, elevated prolactin levels and trauma were independent risk factors for adolescents non-puerperal mastitis. Adolescent non-puerperal mastitis is a rare and unique type. Summarizing its main risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis provides a basis for further research.

Cancer cells require lipids to fulfill energetic, proliferative, and signaling requirements. Even though these cells can take up exogenous fatty acids, the majority exhibit a dependency on de novo fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process. Expression and activity of FASN is elevated in multiple cancers, where it correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis. These observations have sparked interest in developing methods of detecting FASN expression in vivo. One promising approach is the imaging of radiolabeled molecular probes targeting FASN by positron emission tomography (PET). However, although [11C]acetate uptake by prostate cancer cells correlates with FASN expression, no FASN-specific PET probes currently exist. Our aim was to synthesize and evaluate a series of small molecule triazolones based on GSK2194069, an FASN inhibitor with IC50 = 7.7 ± 4.1 nM, for PET imaging of FASN expression. These triazolones were labeled with carbon-11 in good yield and excellent radiochemical purity, and binding to FASN-positive LNCaP cells was significantly higher than FASN-negative PC3 cells. Despite these promising characteristics, however, these molecules exhibited poor in vivo pharmacokinetics and were predominantly retained in lymph nodes and the hepatobiliary system. Future studies will seek to identify structural modifications that improve tumor targeting while maintaining the excretion profile of these first-generation 11C-methyltriazolones.