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The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals. RESUMO: A resposta sorológica contra o vírus da raiva (RABV) induzida por vacinas comerciais foi investigada em bovinos. Para isso, 84 novilhas foram vacinadas duas vezes (30 dias de intervalo) com cada vacina (G1 = 14 animais; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 e G4 = 24) e receberam uma vacinação de reforço 360 dias depois. Amostras de soro coletadas em diferentes momentos após a vacinação e após o reforço vacinal foram submetidas ao teste de vírus neutralização (VN) para detecção de anticorpos contra o RABV. Trinta dias após a segunda dose vacinal, 92% dos animais apresentaram títulos neutralizantes ≥0,5UI/mL (GMT 1,7 a 3,8UI/mL). Porém, no dia do reforço (360 dias pós-vacinação), a porcentagem de animais que ainda apresentava títulos ≥0,5UI/mL havia se reduzido a 31% dos animais (0 a 80%, dependendo da vacina), resultando em baixos TMGs (0,1 a 0,6UI/mL). A vacinação de reforço no dia 360 resultou em resposta anamnéstica em todos os grupos, resultando em 83% (65 a 100%) de animais com títulos VN ≥0,5UI/mL trinta dias após (GMT 0,6 a 4,3UI mL-1). Esses resultados indicam que as vacinas avaliadas induzem uma resposta adequada de anticorpos anti-RABV após a vacinação (e também após o reforço). No entanto, os títulos reduzem-se, atingindo níveis <0,5UI/mL em 70% dos animais durante o intervalo antes do reforço. Assim, vacinação de reforço contra a raiva em bovinos, utilizando-se as vacinas atuais, deve ser realizada em intervalo inferior a um ano, de forma a manter os níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes na maioria dos animais.

The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers [greater than or equal to] 0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers [greater than or equal to] 0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers [greater than or equal to] 0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals. Key words: rabies, cattle, vaccines, neutralizing antibodies. A resposta sorologica contra o virus da raiva (RABV) induzida por vacinas comerciais foi investigada em bovinos. Para isso, 84 novilhas foram vacinadas duas vezes (30 dias de intervalo) com cada vacina (G1 = 14 animais; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 e G4 = 24) e receberam uma vacinacao de reforgo 360 dias depois. Amostras de soro coletadas em diferentes momentos apos a vacinacao e apos o reforgo vacinal foram submetidas ao teste de virus neutralizacao (VN) para deteccao de anticorpos contra o RABV. Trinta dias apos a segunda dose vacinal, 92% dos animais apresentaram titulos neutralizantes >0,5UI/mL (GMT 1,7 a 3,8UI/mL). Porem, no dia do reforgo (360 dias pos-vacinagao), aporcentagem de animais que ainda apresentava titulos >0,5UI/mL havia se reduzido a 31% dos animais (0 a 80%, dependendo da vacina), resultando em baixos TMGs (0,1 a 0,6UI/mL). A vacinacao de reforgo no dia 360 resultou em resposta anamnestica em todos os grupos, resultando em 83% (65 a 100%) de animais com titulos VN >0,5UI/mL trinta dias apos (GMT 0,6 a 4,3UI [mL.sup.-1]). Esses resultados indicam que as vacinas avaliadas induzem uma resposta adequada de anticorpos anti-RABV apos a vacinacao (e tambem apos o reforgo). No entanto, os titulos reduzem-se, atingindo niveis <0,5UI/mL em 70% dos animais durante o intervalo antes do reforgo. Assim, vacinacao de reforgo contra a raiva em bovinos, utilizando-se as vacinas atuais, deve ser realizada em intervalo inferior a um ano, de forma a manter os niveis de anticorpos neutralizantes na maioria dos animais. Palavras-chave: raiva, bovinos, vacinas, anticorpos neutralizantes.

Abstract Many Brazilian forest industries use wood biomass as a sustainable energy source that generates a wood ash by-product. This residue is typically discarded in nearby planted forests. To evaluate the effects of wood ash rates on Pinus taeda L. growth, a study was established on a high clay soil in 2006. Five rates of wood ash (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 T ha−1) were applied to a P. taeda system. Soil chemical properties were evaluated three times at different depths. Tree growth (i.e., height, diameter at breast height, and commercial volume) and nutrition (needle elemental composition) were determined. After 11 years, litter accumulation and soil mobilization (bioturbation) were also evaluated. Ash application did not affect tree growth/yield or litter accumulation. A small reduction in soil acidity and increased bases in the upper soil layer were observed two years after ash application; this effect reached deeper layers after six years but retreated to shallower depths at 11 years. A soil amount of 14.6 m3 ha−1 year−1 was relocated closer to the soil surface due to bioturbation by edaphic fauna. The application of wood ash to forest soils appears to be an ecologically sound alternative for disposal of this industrial by-product.