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We replicated and extended Shoda, Mischel, and Peake’s (1990) famous marshmallow study, which showed strong bivariate correlations between a child’s ability to delay gratification just before entering school and both adolescent achievement and socioemotional behaviors. Concentrating on children whose mothers had not completed college, we found that an additional minute waited at age 4 predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at age 15. But this bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment. Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 s. Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant.

The spatial configuration and social performance of public sports facilities serve as crucial indicators for evaluating the equity of public sports services and the coherence of urban spatial structure. As Shanghai accelerates its development into a globally renowned sports city, the construction of public sports facilities has encountered significant opportunities. However, challenges persist in the spatial distribution, accessibility, and quality of these facilities. This study investigates the spatial agglomeration characteristics, accessibility, and social performance of urban public sports facilities in Shanghai at both the street and grid scales. Using geographic information system (GIS) tools and analytical methods such as kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation, Gaussian two-step moving search, and the Gini coefficient, the analysis yields the following findings: 1) Public sports facilities in Shanghai are concentrated in the central urban areas and exhibit scattered spatial distribution patterns in peripheral regions. These facilities display a significant directional coupling with population distribution (northeast-southwest), reflecting pronounced spatial imbalances. 2) Social performance analysis reveals clear regional inequities in Shanghai’s public sports facilities. While overall accessibility is relatively high, disparities remain, with suburbs facing facility shortages. Regional equity measurements indicate that the Gini coefficient for public sports facilities in Shanghai is 0.58. Central urban areas possess a high density of facilities, while suburban areas suffer from inadequate facility coverage, leading to uneven service radii and a pattern of high agglomeration but low coverage. 3) The social equity analysis shows that the service capacity entropy of public sports facilities exhibits a distinct spatial distribution, characterized by high values in the east and west and low values in the center. The highest entropy value is 4.25, while the lowest is 0.02. This study provides valuable insights for the planning and optimization of urban public sports facilities in Shanghai, contributing to the enhancement of spatial equity and service effectiveness.

Tibetan pigs are a unique swine strain adapted to the hypoxic environment of the plateau regions in China. The unique mechanisms underlying the adaption by Tibetan pigs, however, are still elusive. Only few studies have investigated hypoxia-associated molecular regulation in the lung tissues of animals living in the plateau region of China. Our previous study reported that ssc-miR-101-3p expression significantly differed in the lung tissues of Tibetan pigs at different altitudes, suggesting that ssc-miR-101-3p plays an important role in the adaptation of Tibetan pigs to high altitude. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism, in this study, the target genes of ssc-miR-101-3p and their functions were analyzed via various methods including qRT-PCR and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. The action of ssc-miR-101-3p was investigated by culturing alveolar type-II epithelial cells (ATII) of Tibetan pigs under hypoxic conditions and transfecting ATII cells with vectors overexpressing or inhibiting ssc-miR-101-3p. Overexpression of ssc-miR-101-3p significantly increased the proliferation of ATII cells and decreased the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic factors. The target genes of ssc-miR-101-3p were significantly enriched in FOXO and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways required to mitigate lung injury. Further, FOXO3 was identified as a direct target of ssc-miR-101-3p. Interestingly, ssc-miR-101-3p overexpression reversed the damaging effect of FOXO3 in the ATII cells. In conclusion, ssc-miR-101-3p targeting FOXO3 could inhibit hypoxia-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response in ATII cells of Tibetan pigs. These results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms elucidating the response of lung tissues of Tibetan pigs to hypoxic stress.

As one of the most widely used animal models for human disease research, pigs play a critical role in elucidating disease pathogenesis. However, the genetic characteristics of experimental pig breeds remain underexplored. This study employed whole-genome resequencing to investigate three representative Chinese indigenous pig breeds and two commercial European breeds. Our analysis revealed that indigenous breeds harbor 16.3 million genetic variants (88.3% SNPs), with higher nucleotide diversity compared to commercial breeds. Selective sweep analysis using Fst and π identified key genes under strong selection, including immune regulators ( BTK , IL2RG , RASGRP1 ), metabolic gene MED12 , and neuro-associated SDR16C5 , with five genes exhibiting significant allele frequency divergence between populations ( P  < 0.05). Notably, two signature selective regions on chromosome 6 (181,025–182,387 bp and 144,185,871–144,313,689 bp) were identified, containing fixed missense mutations in coat color gene MC1R (p.T305C/p.G283A) and vision-related gene RPE65 (p.G1503A), indicating strong artificial selection for phenotypic traits. This work systematically characterizes the high genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous pigs and their genomic advantages as disease models, providing critical insights for developing precision biomedical animal models.

The heat-treatment process exerts a substantial influence on both the quantity and morphology of reversed austenite in 17-4PH stainless steel. In this study, the effects of different ageing treatment methods on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the steel were investigated. Through the observation of microscopic morphology, it was found that adjustment and ageing treatment and double ageing treatment were more conducive to the migration of elements in the steel than single ageing treatment, and they also improved the microstructure. In addition to improving the uniformity of alloy element distribution, uniformity also controls the reversed austenite content. By controlling the content and distribution of reversed austenite, the stability of the corrosion film formed at the interface can be improved, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. The stainless steel, after adjustment treatment and ageing treatment, has better corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion resistance in a high-temperature and high-pressure underground environment was evaluated based on parameters including passivation current density and passivation potential. The results revealed a significant improvement of 50.5% in electrochemical corrosion resistance and a remarkable increase of 45.96% in pitting corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the FeCl 3 pitting test demonstrated a substantial decrease of 63.16% in pitting density and a reduction of 27.96% in the uniform corrosion rate.

Korla fragrant pears are highly susceptible to mechanical damage during harvest, storage, and transport, which accelerates fruit browning and senescence, leading to fruit degradation and even a complete loss of commercial value. To enhance the utilization value of damaged pears, this study used superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide anion ( ) generation rate, and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) content-factors directly related to pear browning-as evaluation indicators of senescence quality, and investigated the changes in the senescence quality of damaged pears with varying injury levels under impact load during storage. Furthermore, a multi-output model for predicting the senescence quality of damaged pears during storage was constructed using partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM). The optimal prediction model was subsequently selected from these. The results indicated that as storage time increased, the average SOD activity, CAT activity, POD activity, O2 generation rate, and H O content in pears with different injury levels gradually increased. Higher damage levels resulted in a more rapid change rate of senescence quality. The constructed SVR multi-output model was the optimal model for predicting the senescence quality of damaged pears during storage, achieving R values above 0.95 for the prediction of SOD activity, CAT activity, POD activity, O2 generation rate, and H O content. These findings provide a theoretical reference for investigating fruit senescence mechanisms and the synchronous detection of senescence quality.

Mechanical damage reduces the marketability of Korla fragrant pears, severely restricting industry development. To enhance the commercial value of pears, this study investigated the effects of impact, compressive, and combined impact-compressive damage types on the weight loss rate, L*, a*, and b* of pears, and constructed a multi-output prediction model for the weight loss rate, L*, a*, and b* of damaged pears during storage by integrating partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM), from which the optimal prediction model was selected to achieve synchronous detection of the physical quality of damaged pears during storage. The results indicated that during storage, the weight loss rate, a*, and b* of pears subjected to different damage types gradually increased with prolonged storage time, while L* gradually decreased. Under the same damage volume situation, pears subjected to impact-static pressure combined action exhibited the fastest storage quality change speed, followed by impact action, static pressure action. The SVR multi-output model demonstrated optimal performance in predicting the weight loss rate, L*, a*, and b* of damaged pears during storage, achieving mean coefficient of determination R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) values of 0.988, 0.513, and 10.072, respectively, for these four quality indicators. These results establish a theoretical foundation for the development of simultaneous monitoring techniques for fruit storage quality.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting women and the leading cause of related mortality worldwide. An estimated 2260000 new cases of BC were diagnosed in 2020, which have seriously threatened the health. Paclitaxel (PTX), a natural product isolated from the bark of the pacific yew, has been found to be effective in treating advanced BC. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which refers to the damage to the peripheral nerves caused by exposure to a neurotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, is a common side effect affecting the patients undergoing PTX chemotherapy. Significant research efforts are needed to identify the various risk factors associated with CIPN. Here, a univariate analysis in BC patients with nanonab-PTX treatment was performed. The rate of CIPN in BC patients with albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PTX) for more than four weeks was significantly higher than that of patients with chemotherapy for less than four weeks. Moreover, the rate of CIPN in BC patients receiving nab-PTX first-line chemotherapy was remarkably higher than that in BC patients receiving paclitaxel as a sequence scheme. Taken together, chemotherapy cycles and the priority of nab-PTX-based chemotherapy can be considered the potential risk factors for CIPN induced by nab-PTX.

The finite element method (FEM) plays a valuable role in computer modeling and is beneficial to the mechanical design of various structural parts. However, the elements produced by conventional FEM are easily inaccurate and unstable when applied. Therefore, developing new elements within the framework of the generalized variational principle is of great significance. In this paper, an 8-node plane hybrid finite element with 15 parameters (PH-Q8-) is developed for structural mechanics problems based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle. According to the design principle of Pian, 15 unknown parameters are adopted in the selection of stress modes to avoid the zero energy modes. Meanwhile, the stress functions within each element satisfy both the equilibrium and the compatibility relations of plane stress problems. Subsequently, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed finite element. Numerical results show that various common locking behaviors of plane elements can be overcome. The PH-Q8- element has excellent performance in all benchmark problems, especially for structures with varying cross sections. Furthermore, in bending problems, the reasonable mesh shape of the new element for curved edge structures is analyzed in detail, which can be a useful means to improve numerical accuracy.

With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, future road traffic must be composed of autonomous vehicles and artificial vehicles. Although autonomous vehicles have greatly improved road capacity, few studies have involved capacity at signal-controlled intersections, and most of the studies are based on experimental simulation. As such, there is a need to more scientifically analyze the impact of autonomous vehicles on road and intersection capacity. Based on three theories of flow-density relationships, traffic flow equilibrium analysis, and the following model, this paper firstly deduces the flow-density relationship of different vehicle types in a single environment. Secondly, flow-density relationships under different proportions of self-driving vehicles are derived. Through the derivation of these two models, the basic road saturation flow rates under different permeabilities of self-driving vehicles, can be obtained. Based on these results, a revised calculation model for the capacity of signalized intersections with different proportions of autonomous vehicles is proposed, which is essentially to revise the basic saturation flow rate under different permeabilities of autonomous vehicles. By using SUMO 1.15.0 traffic simulation software, the theoretical models are individually tested. The results show that the error rate between the theoretical calculation results and the SUMO simulation results, is less than 16%. This study can provide a basis for the calculation of basic capacity of roads and intersections in a future man-machine hybrid driving environment, and provide theoretical guidance for traffic management and control.