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"Queirolo, Rosario"
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The success of the left in Latin America : untainted parties, market reforms, and voting behavior
\"Why, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, have so many Latin American countries elected governments identifying themselves with the ideological Left? In The Success of the Left in Latin America: Untainted Parties, Market Reforms, and Voting Behavior, Rosario Queirolo argues that the \"pink tide\" that swept across Latin America beginning in the late 1990s--with the election of a growing number of leftist political candidates to public office--was caused by the intent of voters to punish political parties unable to improve the economic well-being of their electorates. She argues that Latin Americans vote based on performance, ousting those whom they perceive as responsible for economic downturns, and ushering into power those in the \"untainted opposition,\" which has been the Left in most Latin American countries. Queirolo argues that the effects of neoliberal economic reforms did not produce more votes for political parties on the Left. Rather, the key variable is unemployment. Left-leaning parties in Latin America increase their electoral chances when unemployment is high. In addition to explaining recent electoral successes of leftist parties, The Success of the Left in Latin America also undermines a dominant scholarly view of Latin Americans as random and unpredictable voters by showing how the electorate at the polls holds politicians accountable. \"Rosario Queirolo's The Success of the Left in Latin America: Untainted Parties, Market Reforms, and Voting Behavior makes a valuable contribution to the study of Latin American politics and of comparative politics more generally. Queirolo makes a compelling argument that the general shift to the Left in Latin America was less a straightforward protest against neoliberal policies but more strongly a reaction to negative economic performance. Enriched with extensive survey data, her book is authoritative and persuasive.\" --Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, Vanderbilt University\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Conflicting forces in the implementation of medicinal cannabis regulation in Uruguay
Uruguay is widely known as a pioneer country regarding cannabis regulation policies, as it was the first state to regulate the cannabis market for both recreational and medicinal purposes in 2013. However, not all aspects of the regulation have moved forward at the same speed. Medicinal uses keep facing several challenges that undermine patients' effective access to treatments and products. What are those persistent challenges for the medicinal cannabis policy in Uruguay? This paper aims to describe and understand the current state of medicinal cannabis in the country and identify the most critical challenges and conflicting forces for its proper implementation.
To do so, we conduct twelve in-depth interviews with key informants, including governments officials, activists, entrepreneurs, researchers, and doctors. These interviews are complemented with information from the congressional committees' public records and other documentary sources.
This research shows that the legal framework was thought to assure quality products over access. The main challenges of medicinal cannabis in Uruguay are related to three issues: (i) the timid development of the industry, (ii) a limited and expensive supply, and (iii) the emergence of an informal productive sector.
The political decisions regarding medicinal cannabis made in the last seven years have derived from a halfway policy that fails to guarantee patient access or promote the growth of a vibrant national industry. Positively, the several actors involved are aware of the extent of these challenges and new decisions have been made to overcome them, meaning that monitoring the future of the policy is very much needed.
Journal Article
La ilusión de una región de clases medias: el caso de Uruguay
The expansion of middle-income sectors has, in recent years, drawn the attention of academia, international organizations, and governments. However, more recently, several studies have pointed to the vulnerability of these sectors. Based on household surveys, this paper analyzes the evolution of the middle classes in Uruguay in recent decades (1993-2016) using two complementary measures: one based on income and the other on occupation. The results suggest that the change in income levels that characterized the period did not result in a change in the structure of employment and human capital, and they alert about the vulnerability of the middle classes.
Journal Article
Hidden and uninterested populations: Methodological insights and unresolved issues from the study of Cannabis Social Clubs
Cannabis Social Clubs are typically non-profit associations established by adult users of cannabis, which produce and distribute cannabis among their members. Such associations can be found in several European countries and beyond, but with exception of Uruguay, they are illegal or otherwise operate at the margins of domestic drug control legislation, at risk for law enforcement detection. We have conducted several individual and collaborative studies on Cannabis Social Clubs and their key actors (e.g. Cannabis Social Clubs leaders, users affiliated as members, cannabis growers, other stakeholders), primarily drawing on qualitative methods (e.g. ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, qualitative media analyses) but also employing a quantitative approach (e.g. online surveys). In this article, we reflect on the research experiences of the authors in studying Cannabis Social Clubs, providing insights for future research in this area and within criminology and socio-legal studies. In particular, we aim to examine our approaches with regard to the recruitment of participants and research design, identifying good practices, but also discussing what the less successful strategies were. We draw on research conducted since 2014 in different countries, with different legal frameworks, which provides an opportunity for a comparative and more in-depth critical consideration of what might be helpful ways of reaching and researching hard-to-reach populations.
Journal Article
Success of the Left in Latin America
Why, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, have so many Latin American countries elected governments identifying themselves with the ideological Left? In The Success of the Left in Latin America: Untainted Parties, Market Reforms, and Voting Behavior, Rosario Queirolo argues that the \"pink tide\" that swept across Latin America beginning in the late 1990s—with the election of a growing number of leftist political candidates to public office—was caused by the intent of voters to punish political parties unable to improve the economic well-being of their electorates. She argues that Latin Americans vote based on performance, ousting those whom they perceive as responsible for economic downturns, and ushering into power those in the \"untainted opposition, \" which has been the Left in most Latin American countries. Queirolo argues that the effects of neoliberal economic reforms did not produce more votes for political parties on the Left. Rather, the key variable is unemployment. Left-leaning parties in Latin America increase their electoral chances when unemployment is high. In addition to explaining recent electoral successes of leftist parties, The Success of the Left in Latin America also undermines a dominant scholarly view of Latin Americans as random and unpredictable voters by showing how the electorate at the polls holds politicians accountable.
eBook
Decisiones educativas y prácticas de reproducción de clase en sectores medios-altos en Montevideo
Este artículo analiza las decisiones educativas de las clases medias altas montevideanas y su significado como prácticas de reproducción y distinción de clase. Con base en una serie temporal de encuestas de hogares y el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales universitarios, se indaga por la forma en que las clases medias altas eligen la educación de sus hijos. Para ello, se identifican y describen varios perfiles diferentes: leales, fugados y militantes. Las ansiedades, las ambivalencias y los sentimientos de nostalgia, culpa y orgullo que experimentan estos sectores a la hora de elegir la escuela de sus hijos revelan la importancia de esta decisión en la generación y reproducción de desigualdades. Estas decisiones, sobre todo las de salida de clases medias altas hacia el sector privado, así como las de segregación dentro del sistema público, tienen consecuencias profundas en la generación de desigualdades y la integración social.
Journal Article
Conservar y disponibilizar treinta años de opinión pública: lecciones aprendidas del caso uruguayo
América Latina tiene una larga trayectoria de estudios de opinión pública; las encuestas son una herramienta utilizada de forma frecuente para conocer las opiniones, actitudes y comportamientos de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, a menudo éstos se mantienen privados, siendo inaccesibles para investigadores y tomadores de decisiones. Asimismo, las consultoras responsables enfrentan desafíos particulares para hacer disponibles los datos. Esta nota muestra un posible camino. En él describimos la experiencia del Laboratorio de Opinión Pública y Redes Sociales (LOPReS) de Uruguay, un ejemplo de interseccionalidad entre academia, sector privado y financiamiento público, que permitió la liberación de más de 200 encuestas de opinión pública realizadas entre 1993 y 2020. Asimismo,
reflexionamos sobre tres importantes lecciones aprendidas a partir del proyecto: la relevancia de la construcción de vínculos de confianza, la generación de incentivos para la colaboración y la importancia del financiamiento. El caso sirve de ejemplo para analizar estrategias que permitan la apertura de información, con la participación de diversos actores trabajando de forma colaborativa y sus oportunidades para la investigación.
Journal Article
Left and right: way to define them, Latin American case and their implications
Left and right (or liberal and conservative) are widely used concepts for analyzing parties and other political objects, but they have at least two problems. First, it is unclear whether they are useful outside rich democracies. Second, they are not defined in a single way; there are two broad approaches. On one side an historical-analytical tradition, and on the other side, an approach based on spatial theories of party competition. This article: a) compares two classifications of Latin American political parties on the left-right scale according to those approaches, finding that they are very different; b) suggests a plausible explanation for those differences based on systematic patterns found in the data, explanation which leads to several testable hypotheses, and c) shows that, available evidence and current literature support those hypotheses, hence the explanation itself. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article
El desarrollo dependiente: treinta años de opinión pública en América Latina
Objective/Context: This article explores the reasons behind the imbalance and limitations that persist in Latin America to access public opinion information on public policy preferences. Methodology: A descriptive analysis of the development of public opinion studies in the region, based on interviews with academics and pollsters from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Uruguay. Conclusions: Although data availability to study public policy opinion in Latin America has significantly increased in the last three decades, limitations persist due to three factors: (i) Latin American states have played a sporadic role in generating information for research in this field. (ii) The role of the private sector and politicians as funders and generators of public opinion data makes the availability of information very sporadic and of limited access. (iii) The agenda of open access public opinion studies is defined by academics from the Global North, whose research agenda moves more towards issues of stability and democratic values than towards citizens’ public policy preferences. Originality: This paper contributes to a more comprehensive descriptive overview of the evolution of the sub-discipline of public opinion in Latin America. In addition, it highlights the need for public funds to systematically survey the public policy preferences of citizens in the region and make microdata publicly available to inform political decision-making and academic research.
Journal Article
Determinants of Public Support for Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay, the United States, and El Salvador
What are the determinants of public support for marijuana legalization? In the last 3 years, Uruguay and the states of Colorado and Washington have legalized the production, sale, and consumption of recreational marijuana. Although Uruguay and the United States have followed different paths toward legalization, these cases provide an excellent opportunity to explore the relationship between drug policy implementation and public opinion in different political contexts. Using logistic regressions on data from the 2014 AmericasBarometer cross-national surveys conducted in Uruguay, the United States, and El Salvador, this article examines citizen views toward marijuana regulation and the individual determinants of support for legalization in a comparative fashion. Results underline the role of political socialization variables in those countries in which legalization is being debated. Across countries, some of the most important factors for predicting positive attitudes toward marijuana regulation are related to political tolerance, ideology, and the views toward the government.
Journal Article