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Molybdenum (Mo) impregnated g-C 3 N 4 (Mo-CN) nanotubes are fabricated via a thermal/hydrothermal process to augment photoelectrochemical properties during solar-driven water-splitting (SDWS) reactions. Graphitic-C 3 N 4 is an attractive material for photocatalysis because of its suitable band energy, high thermal and chemical stability. The FE-SEM and HR-TEM comprehend the nanotube-like morphology of Mo-CN . The spectroscopic characterization revealed bandgap energy of 2.63 eV with high visible-light activity. The x-ray diffraction of pristine g-C 3 N 4 and Mo-CN nanotubes discloses the formation of triazine-based nanocrystalline g-C 3 N 4 , which remains stable during hydrothermal impregnation of Mo. Furthermore, Mo-CN nanotubes possess high sp 2 -hybridized nitrogen content, and metallic/oxidized Mo nanoparticles (in a ratio of 1:2) are impregnated into g-C 3 N 4 . The XPS analysis confirms C, N, and Mo for known atomic and oxidation states in Mo-CN. Furthermore, high photocurrent efficiency (~ 5.5 mA/cm 2 ) is observed from 5%-Mo-CN nanotubes. That displays efficient SDWS by 5%-Mo-CN nanotubes than other counterparts. Impedance spectroscopy illustrated the lowest charge transfer resistance (R ct ) of 5%-Mo-CN nanotubes, which further confirms the fast electron transfer kinetics and efficient charge separation resulting in high photocurrent generation. Hence, 5%Mo-CN composite nanotubes can serve as a potential photocatalytic material for viable solar-driven water splitting.

Two-dimensional materials have gained immense attention for technological applications owing to their characteristic properties. MXene is one of the fast-growing family of 2D materials that exhibits remarkable physiochemical properties that cater numerous applications in the field of energy and storage. This review comprises the significant advancement in the field of 2D MXene and discusses the evolution of the design, synthetic strategies, and stability. In addition to illuminating the state-of-the-art applications, we discuss the challenges and limitations that preclude the scientific fraternity from realizing functional MXene with controlled structures and properties for renewable clean energy conversion and storage applications.

Currently green synthesis of nanoparticles has attained much interest because of their safe nature, environmentally benign, ease in manufacturing, and low production cost. It is a reliable process for developing a wide array of nanostructures such as metal salts from plants/fungal/bacterial extract and hybrid materials. Green synthesis of nanoparticles provided promising and sustainable alternative approach to conventional synthesis approaches. Recent studies demonstrated that nanoparticles are highly promising for antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Here in, the advancement in green synthesis of nanoparticles using natural compounds such as plant extracts, fruit juices and other relevant sources have been highlighted. A deep insight into antiviral and antimicrobial activities of these nanoparticles provided. These nanoparticles offer diverse opportunity to counter life threating viral and other antimicrobial infections. This review offers understanding of the recent data that provide the readers various strategies to design and develop advance nanomaterials via greener approach. Current challenges, critical overview and future outlook of the green synthesis of nanoparticles and possibilities of their effective and exotic exploration for antimicrobial and antiviral applications are summarized.

The present work demonstrates the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of different concentrations of tin doped indium oxide nanoparticles (Sn doped In 2 O 3 NPs), i.e., (Sn/In = 5%, 10% and 15%). We have synthesized different size (38.11 nm, 18.46 nm and 10.21 nm) of Sn doped In 2 O 3 NPs. by using an ultra-sonication process. The Sn doped In 2 O 3 NPs were characterized by by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which confirmed the successful doping of tin (Sn) with Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ). Anticandidal activity was performed by standard agar dilution method using Candida albicans for the study. The minimum inhibitory/fungicidal concentration (MIC/MFC) values recorded were, 8 & >8 mg/ml for pure In 2 O 3 NPs, 4 & 8 mg/ml for 5%, 2 & 8 mg/ml for 10%, whereas 1 & >4 mg/ml for 15% Sn doped In 2 O 3 NPs, respectively. The topographical alteration caused by Sn doped In 2 O 3 NPs on Candida cells, was clearly observed by SEM examination. A significant enhancement in anticandidal activity was seen, when Candida cells were exposed to (Sn/In = 5%, 10% and 15%). Moreover, we have also evaluated the impact of Sn-In 2 O 3 NPs on human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116). The results demonstrated that Sn-In 2 O 3 NPs (Sn/In = 5%, 10% and 15%), caused dose dependent decrease in the cancer cell viability as the low dosage (2.0 mg/mL) showed 62.11% cell viability, while 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0 mg/mL dosages showed 20.45%, 18.25%, 16.58%, and 15.58% cell viability. In addition, the treatment of Sn-In 2 O 3 NPs also showed significant cellular and anatomical changes in cancer cells as examined by microscopes. We have also examined the impact of Sn-In 2 O 3 NPs (5%, 10%, 15%) on normal cells (HEK-293) and the results demonstrate that Sn-In 2 O 3 NPs did not reduce the cell viability of normal cells.

Corrosion sensing is essential to monitor and safeguard the materials’ health and control the maintenance cost of corrosion-prone materials used in various industries. The petroleum industry is a major sufferer of corrosion costs among various industries due to pipelines and downhole applications. This review article encompasses an overview of various technologies used in early detection stages for more reliable corrosion sensing and warnings. This review provides a summary of corrosion types, corrosion causing chemical species, different destructive and non-destructive technologies used in monitoring corrosion and a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of various electrochemical techniques used for surface and downhole corrosion monitoring. Finally, the existing challenges for corrosion monitoring in surface and downhole conditions and prospects are discussed.

Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile rapid sonochemical method. Detailed spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate optical, structural and chemical properties of the synthesized In 2 O 3 nanoparticles. The structural analysis shows that In 2 O 3 nanoparticles have cubic structure and are polycrystalline in nature. The morphology of the In 2 O 3 nanoparticles examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical and uniformly distributed particles. Bruno emit Teller surface analyzer demonstrated that the surface areas of In 2 O 3 nanoparticles is 45 m 2 /g and also confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles are mesoporous. Raman spectra also revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles have cubic structure. In–O band stretching of the synthesized In 2 O 3 nanoparticles was confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Photoluminescence spectra of the In 2 O 3 nanoparticles showed broad and intense UV emission peak at 358 nm. Moreover, the synthesized In 2 O 3 nanoparticles showed good sensitivity and fast response toward the hydrogen gas at lower temperature.

We report the morphological and size tailored rational and facile synthesis of copper vanadate nanostructures via sonication assisted sol gel method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), indicated irregular and nanoflakes morphologies for the as synthesized copper vanadate (CV-120) and copper vanadate calcined at 250 °C (CV-250). The semispherical platelets shaped morphology revealed for the copper vanadate calcined at 550 °C (CV-500). The XRD patterns confirm the monoclinic and triclinic crystal phases for CV-250 and CV-500, respectively. The optical properties of CV-250 and CV-500 via UV-DRS showed significant absorption in the visible regime at λ = 565 nm and 670 nm with band gap 2.2 eV and 1.84 eV, respectively as calculated from Kubelka-Munk (KM) equation via Tauc’s plot. The values of band edge positions of CV-250 and CV-550 straddle with the hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potentials. The photoelectrodes of CV-250 and CV-500 fabricated by adsorption desorption method to test their photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance in the three-electrode cell. The onset photocurrent potential is observed at ~0.42 V, which reached to saturation at 1.05 V. The photocurrent density at saturation is ~0.65 mA/cm 2 for CV-250 and CV-500, respectively.

Introduction: Recently, diagnostic methods based on multimodal and non-invasive imaging, such as MRI and CT scanners, have been developed for accurate cancer diagnosis. A key limitation of these imaging systems is their low contrast. Therefore, developing stable, non-toxic, and efficient multimodal imaging contrast agents is desirable. In this work, we demonstrated the synthesis of a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) – coated nanoparticles (NPs), PAA@EuBiGd2O3-NPs as an imaging agent for contrast enhancement in spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FL).Methods: We synthesized PAA-coated EuBiGd2O3-NPs using a polyol method by dissolving metal nitrates and PAA in triethylene glycol. NaOH solution was added under constant heating at 180°C. The nanoparticles were precipitated with the addition of ethanol, then washed, dried, calcined at 600°C, and redispersed in water for further studies. The nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and PL spectroscopy. PAA@EuBiGd2O3-NPs were tested in vitro for their cytocompatibility with lung cancer epithelial cells (A549). The nanocomposite image contrast enhancement was evaluated using SPCCT, MRI, and FL imaging.Results: The cell viability study showed that PAA@EuBiGd2O3-NPs is safe up to 250 μg/mL, exhibiting IC50 values of 365.8 and 337.8 μg/mL after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The NPs have strong X-ray attenuation with a slope of ~61 HUmL/mg, as determined from the SPCCT concentration-dependent analysis. The MRI of the NPs reveals a high T1 contrast with a relaxivity of 11.77 mM− 1s− 1. Fluorescence imaging of cells incubated with PAA@EuBiGd2O₃-NPs shows strong red luminescence.Conclusion: The new nanocomposite has proven to be an effective trimodal contrast agent with high attenuation in CT, enhanced T1 signal in MRI, and strong red luminescence in FL imaging with promising diagnostic capabilities.

Ultra-fast and large-quantity (grams) synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanowires has been carried out by a novel microwave-assisted method. High purity Zinc (Zn) metal was used as source material and placed on microwave absorber. The evaporation/oxidation process occurs under exposure to microwave in less than 100 s. Field effect scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals the formation of high aspect-ratio and high density ZnO nanowires with diameter ranging from 70 to 80 nm. Comprehensive structural analysis showed that these ZnO nanowires are single crystal in nature with excellent crystal quality. The gas sensor made of these ZnO nanowires exhibited excellent sensitivity, fast response, and good reproducibility. Furthermore, the method can be extended for the synthesis of other oxide nanowires that will be the building block of future nanoscale devices.

Since their breakthrough in 2011, MXenes, transition metal carbides, and/or nitrides have been studied extensively. This large family of two-dimensional materials has shown enormous potential as electrode materials for different applications including catalysis, energy storage, and conversion. MXenes are suitable for the aforementioned applications due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, large surface area, layered structure, flexural property, and hydrophilicity amongst others. This article aims to cover the development of MXene/hybrid structures their computational insight, synthesis techniques, structural morphology, properties, and potential applications in energy conversion and storage devices. Several approaches have been adopted to develop MXene hybrids, such as modifying traditional MXenes by decorating surfaces, intercalating, and in-situ fabrication, to target high electrochemical performance. In addition, this review has concisely and uniquely presented recent advances in the application of MXene hybrid structures in battery design, clean hydrogen fuel generation, carbon dioxide reduction, and other relevant reactions. Finally, the latest trends and prospects of hybrid MXene materials are also summarized.