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This study explores a novel approach to mitigate the challenge of a small ground plane inducing substantial back lobes in high front-to-back ratio (FBR) microstrip patch antennas. Introducing a combined technique employing rectangular strip and connecting strip methods, this research aims to counteract backward radiation by generating supplementary magnetic currents through an inductive effect. The hybrid method effectively reduces the backward radiation from the original patch. The proposed single antenna element occupies a notably smaller area (approximately 0.029 λ × 0.036 λ, where λ denotes the cutoff wavelength at 5.9 GHz), making it particularly suitable for wearable applications. Additionally, an equivalent circuit model illustrates the coordinated action, offering comprehensive insights into the physical mechanisms. The achieved FBR surpasses directivity by up to 6.03 dB, leading to a diminished specific absorption rate (SAR) when worn while maintaining minimal impact on radiation efficiency due to human presence, a crucial quality for wearable devices.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline and memory loss. Early diagnosis is the most effective strategy to slow the disease's progression. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is frequently viewed as a crucial stage before the onset of AD, making it the ideal period for therapeutic intervention. AD is marked by the buildup of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are believed to cause neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Both Aβ plaques and NFTs accumulate for many years before the clinical symptoms become apparent in AD. As a result, in this study, CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) biomarker information is combined with hippocampal volumes to differentiate between MCI and AD. For this, a novel two-stage hybrid learning model that leverages 3D CNN and the notion of a Fuzzy and Machine learning model is proposed. A 3D-CNN architecture is employed to segment the hippocampus from the structural brain 3D-MR images and quantify the hippocampus volume. In stage 1, the hippocampus volume is passed through thirteen machine learning models and fuzzy clustering for classifying symptomatic AD and healthy brain (Normal Control - NC). The CSF data is fuzzified to capture the inherent uncertainty and overlap in clinical data. The identified symptomatic AD data in the stage1 are further classified into MCI and AD with the aid of a fuzzified CSF biomarker in stage 2. The experimental work presented in this study utilized the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. The proposed hybrid model achieved an average accuracy of 93.6% for distinguishing between NC and symptomatic AD and 93.7% for discriminating between MCI and AD. This approach enhances diagnostic accuracy and provides a more comprehensive assessment, allowing for earlier and more targeted therapeutic interventions.

Electric vehicles (EVs) commonly use BLDC (Brushless DC) motors because of their efficiency, reliability, and low maintenance needs. BLDC motors are perfect for vehicle propulsion because they convert a large portion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, consuming less energy while producing a significant amount of torque. They can be lighter and more compact because of their better power density. Given how important weight and space are in EVs, this is a huge benefit. In applications where smooth operation is crucial, such as electric vehicles (EVs), Detent torque is an undesirable characteristic in BLDC motors. It describes the jerky or uneven spinning brought on by the torque ripple that results from the magnetic interaction among the stator and rotor magnets. The effect of different magnetic materials on detent torque in Brushless DC motors used in Electric Vehicles are analysed in this research.

Children's literature or young adult literature is often seen as an elementary and casual genre, but people overlook the powerful tools it acquires in modelling attitudes and shaping children's minds. Various studies point out that society's behaviours and attitudes towards disability and people with disability are primarily based on popular culture and not personal encounters or experiences. Disability has always been an inseparable part of children's movies and stories from the beginning of times, only the magnitude to which it has been revealed has changed. This literature is seen as the most important as it introduces the world to young minds, and hence the impression it creates in children's minds would not easily be eliminated. It is also noted that young children accept differences and generate positive, acceptive attitudes during their early ages as they are less resistant and have little foreknowledge. This paper examines the disability representations in children's literature and traces the changes it has undergone as a genre from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century. Two children's books are selected for this study, “Heidi” by Johanna Spyri and “Rules” by Cynthia Lord. The differences in the portrayal of disability and disabled characters in these novels are studied through content analysis, character study, comparison and by analyzing the linguistic symbols. This paper also ventures to decipher the norms and societal values the stereotypes were based on, and it also attempts to account for any changes.

In this work, we report on the synthesis of vertically aligned ferrous (Fe) nanorods using aluminium oxide template (AAO). Initially, a thick layer of gold was deposited on one side of the anodic aluminium oxide template to realize a good electrically conductive surface. The other side of the AAO is subjected to pore widening technique using phosphoric acid before electrochemically depositing Fe inside the pores. After deposition, the template was removed and the resulting free-standing Fe nanorods were found to have grown along the 110 plane. We controlled the dimensions of the Fe nanorods by varying parameters such as the concentration of electrolyte solution and the rate of electrodeposition. This growth technique is advantageous since there is uniformity in the sizes of nanorods and the free-standing nanorods provides an ideal platform for making Fe nanorod based memories.

Rapid prototyping of devices using exfoliated Molybednum di-Sulphide (MoS2) and Molybdenum di-Selenide (MoSe2) requires an experimental protocol for maximizing the probability of realizing flakes with desired physical dimension and properties. In this work, we analyzed the size and thickness distribution of MoS2 and MoSe2 single crystalline flakes exfoliated using anodic bonding technique and established a correlation between physical dimension of the flakes and the bonding parameters. Anodic bonding was carried out by applying a fixed voltage of 200 V with a set temperature of 150 °C for four different bonding time intervals. On analyzing the flake parameters from the four anodic bonded substrates using the optical and atomic force microscopy, it is found that the probability of getting flakes with large lateral size (>200 m) increases as the bonding time interval is increased. Most of these large sized flakes have thickness of more than one hundred mono-layers and a tiny fraction of them have thickness of the order of few monolayers. A similar trend was also observed for MoSe2 single crystals. To demonstrate the feasibility of this technique in rapid prototyping, ultra thin MoS2 flakes was directly bridged between two ITO electrodes and their transport properties was investigated. Micro-Raman and photoluminescence studies were taken on selected regions of the thicker and thinner exfoliated flakes and their physical properties are compared.

Introduction: AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition. Non-communicable diseases require long – term care and treatment as they are chronic conditions that result in lifelong health consequences. In our study we tried to evaluate the prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) among HIV patients. Methodology: This is a prospective study consisting 191 patients who were presented to the Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Department over 2 year for various HIV related acute problems. Chi-square test was used to find significance of association of qualitative variables. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease scale (ASCVD) and Framingham risk score were used. Results: 65.45% of patients were in the age group 40-60 yrs. From the total number of HIV patients, 64.92% (123) of patients were affected by NCDs. The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia 49(25.7%) was found to be high, followed by hypertension 48(25.1%) and diabetes 36(18.8%). There is a major association (p value < 0.001) linking Framingham score and CAD and a borderline significance (p=0.093) between ASCVD score and CAD. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of non-communicable diseases among retro positive patients is high and should be screened in the same manner as done for routine patients. HIV patients presents to the Emergency room with disease related deteriorations and also with NCD associated complications. When managing in the emergency room it is always essential to think of these NCDs in HIV patients and the complication it can produce. This will help in early diagnosis, evaluate the complication in more organised manner and provide effective management. This will also provide in reducing the morbidity and mortality among such patients.

In recent years, technology has been developing rapidly to meet the increasing demand for human needs. Using robotics, human needs are met with speed and accuracy [2]. A robotic arm works by the controls provided by the user or by predetermined commands. The project described here is a robotic arm with 3 degrees of freedom to pick and place objects. The robotic arm is controlled using a mobile application and Bluetooth communication. The robotic arm uses servo motors interfaced with Arduino.

p-toluidinium perchlorate (PTPC) semi organic single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown PTPC crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, UV-Visible NIR, Fluorescence, Thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TGDTA), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis, Z-scan analysis. The structural properties revealed that the PTPC crystal belongs to a monoclinic crystal system with a space group P21/C. The structural-functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The UV-Visible NIR results show that SEST grown PTPC crystal the absorption spectrum and cut-off wavelength. The fluorescence spectrum exhibits an emission peak at 572 nm, which is attributed to yellow light. The TGDTA analysis illustrate the PTPC crystal. A SEM was used to examine crystal defects and surface texture of the PTPC-grown crystal. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the grown crystal such as absorption coefficient, refractive index and susceptibility range values estimated by the Z-scan technique suggest that the grown crystal material PTPC can serve as a promising candidate for nonlinear optical devices.

Adeninium sulfosalicylate monohydrate (ADSAM) single crystal was effectively grown by using the slow evaporation solution technique. Several characterizations were carried out to comprehend the crystal’s optical, dielectric, piezoelectric, and Z-scan investigations. ADSAM crystal belongs to a triclinic crystal structure with a centrosymmetric space group of P-1. The FTIR and FT-RAMAN studies identified the various functional groups. The UV visible NIR spectrum shows the cut-off wavelength at 235 nm and a wide transmission window in the entire visible region. The fluorescence spectrum at 400 nm is attributed to the violet spectrum. Piezoelectric study shows a value of 11 pC/N due to the higher H bond interactions. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss can be found using a different frequency at ambient temperature were contributed to specific polarization. Photoconductivity analysis revealed the negative photoconductivity nature. The third-order non-linear optical susceptibility analysis was performed by z-scan technique. It is used as a continuous laser (power 21 mW).